Ndeipi relativistic nemigumisiro?

Classical Physics ndiko pfungwa kuti vacherechedzi zvose, zvisinei nzvimbo, achawana zvakafanana kunoguma kuyerwa dzavo nguva uye urefu. Nheyo relativity inoti kuti vacherechedzi aigona kuwana mhinduro yakasiyana, kururama dzakadaro dzinonzi "relativistic Migumisiro". Kana kuswedera nokukurumidza chiedza Newtonian wefizikisi matanho parutivi.

kumhanya chiedza

Scientist A. Michelson kuitwa 1881 kuyera kumhanya wechiedza, ndakaziva kuti mhinduro izvi haangavi kuvimba pakukurumidza inobaya nemwaranzi kunobva. Pamwe EV Michelson Morley Kuedza 1887 vakaperekedza mumwe kuedza, pashure iyo nyika yakanga pachena: zvisinei umo mirayiridzo nokuyerwa ndiko kumhanya chiedza kwose kwose uye nguva dzose zvakafanana. Zvakabuda zvidzidzo izvi vaiva aipikisana pfungwa wefizikisi panguva, nekuti kana chiedza anochovha mune imwe nharaunda (mhepo), uye nyika iri kufamba chete svikiro, nezviyero zvakasiyana mirayiridzo haagoni kuva zvakafanana.

Pave paya, French yemasvomhu yefizikisi uye zvomuchadenga Jules Anri Puankare aiva mumwe havaoni kuti dzidziso relativity. Akatanga Lorentz dzidziso maererano iyo huripo Eteri mira, saka kumhanya chiedza hama kwairi hakutsamiri kunobva unodiwa. The zvinofamba mapuranga vakatakura Lorentz kusanduka, pane muGarirea (Galileo Kushandurwa wokurera saka kure mune Newtonian hurongwa). Kubvira muGarireya kutendeuka akava nyaya chaiyo iri Lorentz kushanduka, yezwi mamwe inertial bhuku hurongwa navaduku (zvichienzaniswa kumhanya chiedza) nokukurumidza.

The abolition of Eteri

Relativistic mugumisiro kuderedza urefu, anonziwo Lorentz marwadzo, ndechokuti ive mucherechedzi zvinhu zvinofamba hama kwairi, vachava kureba duku.

A rakakura dzidziso relativity Albert Eynshteyn akatanga. Iye zvachose Akabvisa izwi akadai "Eteri", kusvikira nguva ino prisutstvavshy mu pfungwa uye Masvomhu pamusoro yefizikisi, uye zvose pfungwa pamusoro zvivako nzvimbo uye nguva, iye zvakachinja kune kinematics.

Mushure kushanda kunze muchiedza Einstein, Poincare akarega kwete chete kunyora mapepa kwesayenzi panhau, asi haana kutaura zita rake navo mune rimwe ramabasa ake, kunze chete nyaya nezve dzidziso yacho photoelectric maturo. Poincare akaramba kukurukura ehupfumi ari Eteri, categorically vachiramba chero Bhuku Einstein, kunyange iri nyaya kuti musayendisiti kwazvo, kuremekedzwa, uye kunyange akamupa kwakajeka chepfungwa, kana kwokubatsira ari Higher Polytechnic School angada kukoka Einstein muna Zurich kuva muzvinadzidzo pachikoro.

Dzidziso relativity

Kunyange vakawanda vaya asatenderwe wefizikisi uye masvomhu, vanenge zvavo nemashoko, ndiko dzidziso relativity, nokuti zvichida kupfuura yakakurumbira musayenzi dzidziso. It postulates kuputsa vanhuwo pfungwa nguva uye nzvimbo, uye kunyange zvazvo vose kudzidza dzidziso relativity, asi kurinzwisisa yose haisi kukwana kuziva nzira.

nguva dilation kushanda iri kuedzwa muna kuedza uye supersonic ndege. Rakarurama mabhomba wachi mungarava, pashure achidzokera akatanga lag kuti paradzanisa rwechipiri. Kana pane vacherechedzi maviri, rimwe riri mira uye nevamwe inofamba pane imwe kumhanya hama wokutanga, apo mucherechedzi ndiani mira, vachaenda nokukurumidza, uye chinhu zvinofamba nguva kuchapedza chinguva chiduku. Zvisinei, kana kubvongodzwa mucherechedzi achasarudza kudzokera uye tarisa nguva, zvinoitika kuti wachi yake vakaratidza zvishoma duku pane wokutanga. Kureva, kuva kure zvikuru mukuru rapanzvimbo nzvimbo, iye "akapedza" shoma nguva, apo kutamira.

Relativistic migumisiro muupenyu

Vakawanda vanodavira kuti kuchengeta relativistic migumisiro chete kana kumhanya chiedza, kana kuti nzira kwayo, uye zvirokwazvo ndiko, asi unogona anoiona, kwete chete vachiputsa spaceship yenyu. On mapeji magazini yesayenzi Chaiko Review Letters inogona kuverenga pamusoro yokungotaura basa masayendisiti Swedish. Vakanyora kuti relativistic Migumisiro varipo kunyange bhatiri kuti motokari. Process zvinogoneka kunokwana kukurumidza kufamba maerekitironi zviri maatomu mutobvu (panzira, vane chikonzero akawanda voltage iri zviteshi). Inotsanangurawo kuti nei, pasinei kufanana mutobvu uye netini, tini anotsanangura mabhatiri hadzishandi.

kujairika simbi

ari rotational nokukurumidza zviri maerekitironi ari maatomu rakanyatsojeka pasi, saka relativity dzidziso hazvisi kushanda, asi pane zvimwe anosiyiwa. Kana kufamba mberi uye vapfuudzire pasi periodic table, zviri pachena kuti mutobvu kunorema kupfuura zvakawanda zvinhu mairi. The guru guru pakati nuclei iri counterbalanced nokuwedzera kuti Erekitironi velocity, uye kunogona kusvika chiedza.

Kana isu funga izvi kubva dzidziso relativity, zviri pachena kuti maerekitironi pakadai vanofanira kuva guru guru. The chete nzira kuponesa chisina kutsetseka tichimhanya, asi orbital achaparadzwa compressed radially, uye chaizvoizvo kuchengetwa maatomu inorema nesimbi, asi orbital maerekitironi "anononoka" handishanduki. Izvi relativistic kushanda ari kuchengetwa maatomu dzezvimwe nesimbi iri s-orbitals pamwe yakarurama, spherically zvakafanana, ichibata chimiro. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti somugumisiro relativity nemekiyuri ane mvura ezvinhu aggregation pa nzvimbo tembiricha.

kufamba muchadenga

Zvinhu muchadenga vanoparadzaniswa mumwe nokuda rakakura marefu, kana kunyange kutyaira Zvaizoda refu chaizvo nguva nekuvakunda kumhanya chiedza. Somuenzaniso, kuti kuna Alpha Centauri - nyeredzi pedyo, spaceship, vane mwero chiedza, tora makore mana, uye kuti vabudirire redu renyeredzi pedyo - the Large Magellanic Cloud - vanoda 160 zviuru zvemakore.

Fliegen Alpha Centauri uye musana achiri zvichibvira, nokuti zvaida kwamakore masere, uye nokuda motokari vomumuzinda vanonzwa nezvaizoitwa nguva dilation, iyi ichava shoma zvikuru, asi pakudzoka kwake kubva rwendo kuenda pedyo renyeredzi muchadenga kunoongorora vanoona kuti wadzo nyika apfuura mazana matatu namakumi maviri zvemakore, budiriro dzevanhu kunge refu havasisipo. Saka relativistic migumisiro kubvumira vanhu kufamba nenguva. It anonzi imwe huru matambudziko nzvimbo ubanguranyika, nekuti chii chiri kurehwa kukunda muchadenga, kana hazvina kukwanisa kudzoka?

More zviito

Kuwedzera inozivikanwa pasi nguva kunonoka, uye kune relativistic Doppler zvazviri maererano izvo kana chinozunguzirwa panobva atanga ichifamba, chinozunguzirwa pakuwanza nenzira sangano achapiwa panoonekwa mumwe mucherechedzi, se "pfupi", uye kurutivi kubvisa wavelength inowedzerwa.

Fani kwakadaro Ndiwo chero mafungu, saka unogona kuonekwa muenzaniso inzwi muupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Ruzha chinozunguzirwa rutapudzo panoonekwa nevanhu nzeve sezvo kumuka inzwi. Naizvozvo, kana chiratidzo ane chitima kana motokari unogona kunzwiwa kure, zviri yakaderera, uye kana chitima vachaenda apfuura mucherechedzi, kutaura panguva iyoyo inzwi, kukwirira kwayo uchava kumusoro panguva nzira, asi paaingodzikisa akavhomora sandara zvivako uye chitima racho rose ringakweva kure, matauriro payakakurudzirwa anosiya pazasi uye acharamba kuenda rezasi manotsi.

Izvi relativistic migumisiro anokonzerwa dzekare analoginen kakawanda shanduko panguva mugamuchiri kunobva inofamba uye relativistic deceleration nguva.

About remagineti

Uyezve, yefizikisi ano vari kuramba muchikurukura remagineti sechinhu relativistic kushanda. Maererano kududzira ichi, remagineti haisi yakazvimirira sangano zvinhu mumuviri, haisi chimiro remagetsi munda kuratidzwa kunyange. The remagineti tichitarisa dzidziso relativity - chete kwacho kunoitika muna nzvimbo yakapoteredza pfungwa mhosva nokuda kwemashoko wemagetsi munda.

Vateveri dzidziso iyi vanodavira kuti kana C (kumhanya chiedza Vacuum) rakanga risina mugumo, Mashoko kumhanya mukukurukurirana zvakare vangadai guru, uye vakasagona saka kana kuratidzwa remagineti.