Ndezvipi zvinoshandiswa nekamuri rekunze kwekamuri? Chimiro chemberi chekunze kwekamuri

Chidzidzo chekugadzirwa kwemasero eprokaryotic zvipenyu, pamwe nemiti yemhuka nevanhu, inofunganya nekuparadzaniswa kwezvinyorwa, zvinonzi cytology. Masayendisiti akacherechedza kuti zviri mukati memusero, zviri mukati maro, zvakavakwa zvakaoma zvikuru. Yakapoteredzwa neyakadaro inonzi chipande, iyo inosanganisira kunze kwekamuri yepamusoro, zvivako zvakakwirira: glycocalyx uye seni masvingo, pamwe ne-micro-filaments, pelicle uye microtubules iri kuita sub-membrane yakaoma.

Muchikamu chino, tichadzidza maitiro uye mabasa ekunze kwekamuri rekunze, iro rinopinda mumagetsi emhando dzemhando dzakasiyana dzemasero.

Ndezvipi zvinoshandiswa nechokunze kwechiso cheteri

Sezvinorondedzerwa kare, chibvumirano chekunze chikamu chemakamuri epasiro ega rega rimwe nerimwe, rinobudirira kuparadzanisa zviri mukati maro uye rinodzivirira zvikamu zvemagetsi kubva pane zvakashata zvakatipoteredza. Imwe basa ndeyekugadzirisa kushandiswa kwezvinhu pakati pezvinhu zviri mukati memasero uye mumiviri inoshandiswa, saka sendima yekunze kwemasero inoenda kutakura kwema molecules uye ions inopinda mu cytoplasm, uye inobatsira kubvisa tsvina uye kudarika zvinhu zvinokonzera kubva muchitokisi.

Chimiro chesero membrane

Dumbu, kana plasmalemmas yemhando dzakasiyana dzemasero zvakasiyana kwazvo. Kunyanya, chimiro chemakemikari, pamwe chete nehuwandu hwezvinyorwa zve lipids, glycoprotein, mapuroteni, uye, maererano naizvozvo, maitiro ezvinogamuchirwa mavari. Kunze kwekamuri membrane, chimiro nemabasa ayo anonyanya kutsanangurwa nemunhu mumwechete weglycoprotein, anobatanidzwa mukucherechedza kwezvinhu zvinokonzerwa nemagariro uye mumagadzirirwo esero pachavo kune zviito zvavo. Mamwe mavara emirwere anokwanisa kubatana nemapurotini uye glycolipids ye membrane membrane, semugumisiro wavanopinda nawo muchitokisi. Herpes nemapurogiramu ane hutachiona anogona kushandisa plasmalemma seni kuti vagadzire ganda ravo rekudzivirira.

Uye zvirwere uye mabhakitiriya, izvo zvinonzi bacteriophages, zvakasungirirwa kune membrane yesero uye panzvimbo yekutarisa zvinoputsa ne enzyme chaiye. Ipapo imwe molecule yeDNA inotapukira inopinda muhomwe yakagadzirwa.

Zviratidzo zvechimiro cheEukaryotic plasmalemma

Yeuka kuti kunze kwemukati memasero inoita basa rekutakura, kureva, kuendesa kwezvinhu mumushonga wechitokisi uye kunze kwaro kunzvimbo yekunze. Kuita shanduro yakadai, sarudzo yakakosha inodiwa. Zvechokwadi, plasmalemma inogara iripo, iyo yose kune yese eukaryotic masero, chirongwa chezvinhu zvepamusoro. Ichi chakaonda (2-10 Nm), asi rakanyanyisa dense multilayer firimu inofukidza yese yese. Chimiro chayo chakadzidziswa muna 1972 nevanosayenzi vakadai saD. Singer naG. Nicholson, vakagadzirawo muenzaniso wemvura wemasikisi.

Iyo yakakura yemakemikari yakaumbwa inoita iyo inorayirwa mamolekemu emapurotini uye dzimwe phospholipid, iyo inopindirwa neyemvura inogadzirisa lipidhi uye yakafanana nemifananidzo. Nokudaro, membrane yesero inosanganisira zvidimbu zviviri zve lipids, iyo isiripo hydrophobic "miswe" iyo iri mukati memhemberero, uye ma polar hydrophilic misoro anotarisana ne cytoplasm yesero uye intercellular fluid.

Iyo inenge yakavharidzirwa inoputika nemapuroteni makuru emapolisi anogadzira hydrophilic pores. Izvo kuburikidza navo izvo mvura inogadziriswa yeglucose uye mineral salt inoendeswa. Mamwe mapuroteni emakemikari anowanikwa zvose zviri kunze uye mukati mukati me plasmalemma. Nokudaro, pamakamuri ekunze kwemasero mune masero ezvisikwa zvose zvine nuclei, kune makemikorodi ekaridhesi akabatanidzwa ne covalent bonds ne glycolipids uye glycoprotein. Zviri mukati memakrobahydrates mu membrane membrane zvakasiyana kubva pa2 kusvika ku10%.

Chimiro che plasmalemma yeprokaryotic zvipenyu

Imwe nhengo dzekunze dzedare muprokaryotes dzinoita mabasa akafanana nemasero eplasma emasero ezvisikwa zvenyukireya, kureva: maonero uye kutapudza kwemashoko anobva kune mamiriro ekunze, kutakura ions uye mhinduro mukati uye kunze kwechitokisi, uye kudzivirirwa kwe cytoplasm kubva kune dzimwe nyika dzenyika kubva kune dzimwe nyika. Inogona kuumba mesosomes - zvivako zvinomuka apo plasmalemma inopindirwa mukati memusero. Inogona kunge ine enzymes inobatanidza kushandiswa kwemagetsi kweprokaryotes, somuenzaniso, muDNA replication, protein synthesis.

Mesosomes inewo ye-oxidation-reduction reduction enzyme, nepo photosynthetic mabhakitiriya ane bacteriochlorophyll (mumabhakitiriya) uye phycobilin (mu cyanobacteria).

Basa rokunze membranes mu intercellular contacts

Kuenderera mberi kupindura mubvunzo wemabasa anoshandiswa kunze kwekamuri membrane, regai tigare pamusoro pebasa rayo mumasekeri-masero. Simira masero mumadziro echinyorwa chekunze chesero chigadzirisa pores chinopinda mu cellulose layer. Nevari, cytoplasm yechitokisi inogona kupukunyuka kune imwe kunze, iyo miviri yakaonda inonzi plasmodesmata.

Kuvonga kwavari, kuwirirana pakati pevakidzani vemasero emasero kwakasimba kwazvo. Mune masero evanhu nemhuka, nzvimbo dzekubatana nadzo dzemuvakidzani dzechipatera dzinoshandiswa dzinonzi desmosomes. Izvo zvinoratidzika semagetsi ekupedzisira uye epithelial, uye anowanikawo mumoyo we cardiomyocytes.

Mazano anobatsira e plasmalemma

Kuti anzwisise izvo zvinoparadzanisa masimi masero kubva kumhuka, kuongorora kwemaitiro e plasmalemmas yavo kunobatsira, zvinoenderana nezvinoitwa kunze kwekamuri membrane inoita. Pamusoro pazvo mumamera emhuka isha yeglycocalyx. Inoumbwa nemamolekoro e-polysaccharides akasungirirwa kune mapuroteni uye lipids zvekunze kwechinyamu chekamuri. Kutenda glycocalysis, kubatisisa (kubatisisa) kunowanikwa pakati pemasero, zvichiita kuti kuumbwa kwemasukisi, saka zvinotora chikamu pakujekesa basa re plasmalemma - kuonekwa kwezvinhu zvinokonzera zvakatipoteredza.

Nzira yekutakura sei zvimwe zvinhu kuburikidza nesero membrane yakaitwa

Sezvazvambotaurwa kare, chipinda chekunze chemukati chinobatanidzwa mukugadzirisa kwezvinhu pakati peyero uye yekunze kwenzvimbo. Kune mhando mbiri dzekushandura kuburikidza ne plasmalemma: passive (kuparadzirwa) uye kushandiswa kwekutakura. Ikutanga inosanganisira kuparadzaniswa, chiedza kupenya uye osmosis. Kufambisa kwezvinhu zvakasangana nemafungiro ekudzivirira kunofanirwa, kutanga kune zvose, paukuru uye hukuru hwemamolekyu achipfuura nepamuviri memukisi. Semuenzaniso, zviduku zvisingasviki mamolekoro zvinoshamiswa nyore nyore mumavhareji lipid yakasara ye plasmalemma, famba nayo uye izviwanire mumhepo ye cytoplasm.

Makorekoroti makuru ezvinhu zvinopinda mukati me cytoplasm nekubatsirwa nemapuroteni anonyanya kutakura. Vanotaura zvakananga uye, vachibatanidza kune chepukanana kana ion, vasingatauri kupfuudza kuburikidza ne membrane pamwe chete nemafungiro emagetsi (passive transport) vasingashandisi simba. Izvi zvinotungamirirwa neimba ye plasmalemma, yakadai sekusarudzwa kwekusarudzwa. Mukufamba kwekutakura kwekutakura, simba reMEM molecules harisi kushandiswa, uye sero rinodziponesa kune mamwe maitiro ekugadzirisa.

Kushanda kwekutakura kwemakemikari nemapurani kuburikidza nemumakumbo eplasma

Sezvo kunze kwechinyamu memuviri kunofanirwa kutakura mamolekyu uye ions kubva kumhepo kusvika muchikamu uye kumashure, zvinoita kuti zvigone kubvisa zvigadzirwa zvekusavhiringidza, izvo zvinonzi chepfu, kunze, izvo zviri mukati memvura inonzi intercellular fluid. Kushanda kwekushanda kunoitika kunopesana nehuwandu hwemajeri uye kunoda kushandiswa kwesimba nenzira yeAX molecules. Inosanganisirawo mapuroteni ekutakura anonzi ATP-ases, ayo ose ari enzymes.

Muenzaniso wekutakura kwakadaro isamu-potassium pump (ionic ions inopfuura kubva kuma cytoplasm kusvika kune imwe kunze, uye ion potassium inoputirwa mu cytoplasm). Epithelial masero emukumbo uye itsvo dzinokwanisa. Kusiyana kweiyo nzira yekufambisa ndiyo nzira dze pinocytosis uye phagocytosis. Nokudaro, kana akadzidza kuti chii chinonzi cell membrane iri kunze, inogona kusimbiswa kuti heterotrophic protists, uyewo masero ezvipfuwo zvakakwirira, somuenzaniso, leukocytes, anokwanisa kuita zvinonzi pinot uye phagocytosis.

Bioelectric processes in cell membranes

Zvinonzwisisika kuti kune musiyano uripo pakati pekunze kwenzvimbo ye plasmalemma (inofungidzirwa zvakanaka) uye iri pedyo-rusvingo rwomukati we cytoplasm, iyo inotengeswa zvisina kunaka. Yakanga ichinzi simba rekuzorora, uye inoratidzika mumasero ose ehupenyu. A neural tissue harina kungoita zororo chete, asi inokwanisawo kuita biocurrents isina simba, iyo inonzi kushungurudzika. Nhengo dzekunze dzemasero-neuroni, kugamuchira kutsamwira kubva kumagetsi, inotanga kushandura mhaka: sodium ions inopinda muisero uye pamusoro pe plasmalemma inova electronegative. Pedyo-rusvingo rwakatsetseka rwe cytoplasm, nemhaka yezvakawanda zvemashoko, inogamuchira mukana wakanaka. Izvi zvinotsanangura kuti sei kunze kwemasero membrane ye-neuron iri kubhadharwa, izvo zvinokonzera mafungiro emagunha anoisa pasi purogiramu yekunakidza.