Evolution - ndiko kutanga? shanduka zvinhu. Kushanduka murume uye vanhu

Zvino, sezvo kunzvimbo uye panzvimbo, nezvazvo-shanduka. Asi ichi - nesayenzi rokuti, uye kurishandisa kuti zvinyoronyoro. nevakawanda chaizvo kudavira kuti shanduka - zviri mberi. Kureva kuti chiitiko ichi kunzwisisa kufambira mberi chinhu kubva nyore kune zvakaoma, kubva yakaipisisa yakanakisisa. Kusiyana neizvi, kune Kushanduka pfungwa "kudzikisirana", inova regression kune chinyakare ondomoka. Pakutanga, shoko rakashandiswa toreva chitange mhuka. Zvisinei, iye zvino, ayo kukura kuwedzerwa. Unogona kutaura pamusoro shanduka munzanga, kodzero dzevanhu uye mamwe mazwi, kureva zvishoma nezvishoma, sipidhi kukura kwavo uye kuvandudzika. Zvichava zvakaipa kufunga kuti shoko rokuti sezvaari Charlz Darvin. Kutaura zvazviri, mubhuku rake "Musi Origin of Species," izvozvo mashoma nguva akashandisa shoko "shanduka", raaishandisa embryologists. Chii chaizvoizvo chinorehwa nemashoko okuti "shanduka '? Ngatimbotaurei zvazviri.

Nezvekwakabva shoko rokuti

Kutaura zvazviri, rechiLatin rokuti "evolutio" rinoshandurudza se "nekutumirwa kwemauto." Zvinogona kunzi shanduka - kuchinja makemikari nyaya uye simba munguva. Chokwadi vose upenyu yakavepo, fembera kunyange kare, nevazivi kuMireto School. Somuenzaniso, Anaximander zvakarurama vaidavira kuti mhuka dzakanga vokutanga waterfowl uye chete akabva aita landfall. Empedocles uyewo haana pasina chikonzero chokudavira kuti kurarama zvakasikwa, chete zvikuru unoenderana zvakatipoteredza ezvinhu wacho. Zvitendero zvikuru zvenyika emakore akawanda vasingachaiti chero mukana kunyange ndandama kuti mhuka uye miti inogona ichishanduka. Vaidavira ndokuzviti kuti Mwari pakutanga akasika zvose zvinoonekwa zvazvakaita ikozvino. Sezvo Musiki Universe wakakwana, haana kuita kusika mhando nemhuka vanoda kukura. Uye murume, Adhamu, iye akasika kare panguva padariro homo sapiens. inzwi rokutanga mwero kuti rudzi anogona ichishanduka uye kubereka vamwe, vakanga vanzwa chete panguva pakuguma XVI remakore. Muna 1751 iri zvakasikwa French Maupertuis akanyora kuti zvinenge inogona dzakachinjwa somugumisiro yacho vaunganidza pamusoro zhinji Zvizvarwa kunotouraya. Uye Erazm Darvin (sekuru Charles) kuisa mberi dzidziso kuti mhuka dzose kwoushamwari-ropa rechiJudha chairo vazukuru chete microorganism.

The shanduka uye embryology

Kutanga kutaura chinhu ichi chinoshamisa vanachiremba vanodzidza pamuviri kukura azvarwa. Zvakaitika kuti embryo nedanho kukura uye inotungamirwa anoenda mumatanho akawanda. Kubva nyore nembeu zai chinova akagadzirira-to-kuzvidzora upenyu muviri. Uye kukura ichi embryo ichipfuura padariro vaine gills. Kokutanga ino izwi chinorondedzerwa uye inozivikanwa muna 1762 ne S. bhoneti. Kana rikashandiswa kune embryo, shanduka - iri zvishoma nezvishoma uye, kupfuura zvose, munhu wechisikigo achichinja kubva rimwe danho okukura kune mumwe.

Darwin mupiro

The musayendisiti British huru uye zvakasikwa reinterpreted kare akashandisa izwi uye yoashandisa zvose zvipenyu zvose panyika. Zvechokwadi, kana mwana mudumbu pane imwe padanho kukura ane gills, zvino nei tisingafaniri kufunga kuti iye anongoti anopfuura mwedzi mipfumbamwe nzira vakaenda vanhu vose mamiriyoni emakore okutanga? In basa rake "The Origin of Species," Darwin akataura kuti zvigadziriswe kuti chidzoke idzva features, pamwe nhaka zvivako uye parameters dzomuviri asingazivikanwi. The musayendisiti akaedza kutsanangura navo "Time pangenesis pfungwa." Natural ezvinhu akasika munda dzinongoitika vakasarudzwa. Vapone chete vanhu vaya vakakwanisa kuchinja zvakatipoteredza. Ivo kubudisa zvavo nevamwe (itsva) nyaya vazukuru, ukuwo anotambudzika vanhu vanofa panze. Zvakaratidza kuti chaivo shanduka - chinhu dzinongoitika muitiro umo zvipenyu kuburikidza dzinongoitika kusarudzwa uye kuchinjira kumamiriro changing zvinangwa mutate. Saka, musayendisiti akatungamirira vezvesayenzi pakuguma pamusoro pemavambo murume kubva pamhuka nyika. Zvinofanira kunzi ichi wakadenha nenharo gakava, izvo haana kurega kunyange ikozvino.

Mupiro Hugo De Vries

Izvi Dutch nyanzvi akararama pakupera kwezana XIX uye XX emakore, akasuma mune zvesayenzi pakuru, shoko rokuti "mutation". Iye reinterpreted dzidziso yaDarwin yokushanduka-shanduka uye vaisanganisa ayo uchishandisa nguva nyanzvi dzinoongorora. pfungwa dzake akaratidza nemuenzaniso dzomusango Mupedzi Lamarck. Kana yaDarwin yokushanduka-shanduka - zvishoma, mberi, kuunganidza kubva inorarama kukura, zvino Hugo De Vries kuchinja kuitika kamwe kamwe, nokuda kunotouraya "runobatsira". transformations izvi kupa chaizvo kuti paumbwe itsva rudzi (rinotsanangura kusiyana zvakasikwa), kana kuti kuchinja mhando. The echimurenga kunoita transformations aya zvinenge vokuparidzira rakapiwa pave dzidziso saltationism (kubva rechiLatin rokuti salto - kusvetuka). Mumakore 20-30 remakore rechimakumi maviri, masayendisiti ndakakunda musiyano pakati yaDarwin mberi mberi uye kungoerekana wachinja Vries uye supplementing kubudirira kwavo pakugumisa yedzinza Mendel akasika dzidziso itsva. Rinogona kurondedzerwa se ano shanduka kwetunhu.

Musimboti pfungwa

Saka, tinogona kutaura chokwadi kuti shanduka - kukura. Sei taizova shoko rechiLatin harina kushandiswa, inofanira kunongedzera kuvandudza, kuvandudza, mberi. The shure kwebasa zvakaoma kuti mano, "Kumbofungatira" pachena ukama inonzi kudzikisirana, kuderera. Panyaya marudzi, regression akadaro inouraya kwaari. Inotungamirira wayo kutsakatika. Paleontology anoziva zviuru mienzaniso "mugumo akafa" iri shanduka wenyika. Uye pamusoro kwevanhu munzanga? Zvinozivikanwa kuti kwokutanga munharaunda Yakutia ano paiva yepamusoro budiriro Deering Yuryakh. Mienzaniso ivavo regression inogona kuchengetwa pachinhu mutemo kana mamiriro ezveupfumi muvanhu kupiwa. Kurambidzwa rusununguko rwokutaura kana zvachose nokushorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu munyika State anotaura zvake Isimba rakadini rinogona kubudiswa nokutsakatika.

Chii chinombodiwa kuti utachiona vanhu vakashanduka

Asi, zvinotaurwa kutyaira simba kunoita munhu mupenyu Muviri mutate uye kuumba mhando itsva chisikwa? Tinoziva rudzi Somuenzaniso, dzimwe hove kuti kumbochinja mamiriyoni emakore. Kusvika echimurenga kuvandudzika kwemarudzi zvaitika, zvakakodzera kupa zvinhu-shanduka. Izvi anonyanya intraspecific makwikwi, iyo inotungamirira kuupenyu dzinongoitika selection, uye magene vasakukurwa. Kana vakawanda vari yakanaka ezvinhu, vanhu vazhinji vanozvarwa, vangani vanogona kurarama pamusoro kwechikepe nechigadziko, uye panguva imwecheteyo kure nedzimwe mhuka yavo mhando, iyo genotype vane zvakawanda kana zvishoma chete. In pasina chikonzero kuchinja, mutate uye ichishanduka mhando iyi. Asi kana zvakatipoteredza ezvinhu kushandura, kana pane sefungu wokubereka, pane makwikwi pakati vanhu - mumwe zvikonzero nokuchinja chitarisiko. Kupfuura simba uye dzakashandisa akatorwa zvokudya kubva kuhama dzavo simba, uye tikafunga kuparadzwa kwavo, siya genotype ravo vana. A nhoroondo yemhuri - chimwe chinhu-shanduka - anodzika "rakanaka" shanduko, mutation, ave rudzi unhu.

Vanhu - pamusoro pokumuka?

Human shanduka, kana dzidziso wemunhu - chinhu refu uye chinoshamisa neurongwa pakanga Homo sapiens. Akamira pakati nevamwe hominids anenge mamiriyoni maviri apfuura. Chii chakaitika panguva iyoyo muAfrica, kuti netsoko vaimanikidzwa kusiya nomusango uye vatamire Savannah natenzi achifamba pamusoro makumbo hadzi, kuti maturusi kukurira moto? shanduka munhu akatora yakasiyana chaizvo nzira kupfuura mhuka. Kana kuchinja kuchangobva kuchinja yepanyama kwezvakatipoteredza, vanhu mano nzira kuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu enyika aenderane nezvavanoda. Munzira shanduka aiva musoro murume wake "kuguma akafa" okukura. Somuenzaniso, homo erectus kana Neanderthal.

Pane shanduka munzanga?

Pfungwa iyi zvakare kunetseka mupfungwa masayendisiti. Kunyanya kana totaura mberi uye mazuvaano. Zvinganzi kuti shanduka - ndiwo pasocial chichiitwa? Panyaya mune zvesayenzi uye kugadzira mberi, tinogona kutaura nechivimbo kuti pane mumwe. Vanhu vanodzidza nezvemitemo ino. Vari kugamuchira michina mitsva uye kuvashandisa kusika yakagozha zvombo. Asi muenzaniso kwenzanga haisi kudaro pachaenzaniswa. Pashure pezvose, vanhu - rudzi makro-muviri. Rinogonawo mutate, ichishanduka. Kana yakazarukira "itsva majini implosion" - zvichaita kukura. Kana akasarudza nzira yokuzviratidza voga, zviri vakatongerwa kudzikisirana. Social shanduka hunooneka kwete chete pane kufambira mberi zvigadzirwa, asiwo kukura nemasangano uye mutemo.

Revolution uye Evolution

ukama ichi anononoka, mberi uye spasmodic, kungoerekana wachinja vanhu vane evanhu refu kufarira uye masayendisiti enyika. Achitaura pamusoro shanduka munzanga, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kuchinja zvinoshamisa zvikuru kuitika somugumisiro nokuchinja kukuru. Dzimwe nguva nokumukirana ava pasingashandiswi ropa. Nokuti kukura ichi hurumende inofanira kuva nechido kuenda kuchinja. Kana kirasi mutongo anoda chete kugara nesimba kudzvanyirira kuparadzana, mumagariro kuputika hakudzivisiki.