Ndiani akazogadzira arufabheti mutauro wokuRussia? arufabheti yeRussia sei?

Basa achinyora kukura nevanhu hunokosha. veMubatanidzwa dzedu dzose tsamba yekare vanhu Kunyange asati vakasiya chiratidzo pamatombo siyana uye matombo. First pakanga mifananidzo, uye ipapo vakatsiviwa vatambi. Pakupedzisira pakanga yamunenge kutumira uye kunzwisisa mashoko tsamba achibatsirwa tsamba. Pashure remakore uye chemakore, izvi zviratidzo-zviratidzo anobatsira vakiridza kare mazhinji avanhu. A rinokosha muchinangwa iyi akaridza monument kunyora: seti siyana mitemo uye zvitupa, mabhuku mabasa uye netsamba kuti vanhu vakakurumbira.

Nhasi, kuziva avo akazogadzira arufabheti mutauro wokuRussia, kunoratidza kwete chete ungwaru kukura womunhu, asi anosarudza mafungiro ayo kunyika yaakanga akaberekwa uye akararama.

Matangiro Ayakaita

Kutaura zvazviri, hwaro pakusika arufabheti vakaisa vokuFenikiya panguva kuguma 2nd chemakore BC. e. Vakauya pamwe nemavara, izvo zvaishandiswa refu. Zvadaro, arufabheti dzavo vakakwereta uye vakakwana vaGiriki: rave richiwanika mavhawero. Yakanga anenge 8 remakore BC. e. Humwe nhoroondo arufabheti mutauro wokuRussia anogona mumatauriro zano: rechiGiriki tsamba - rechiLatin arufabheti - the Cyrillic necheSalvic. Yokupedzisira vakashumira sehwaro kwezvisikwa kunyora zvinoverengeka chokuita dzavanhu.

Paumbwe yekare inotaura

Kubva 1st remakore AD, chirongwa kuora kunotanga marudzi vaigara munharaunda Eastern Europe uye kutaura zvakafanana mutauro Proto-necheSalvic. Somugumisiro, pedyo yapakati Dnieper kuumbwa Kievan Rus, izvo akazova muzinda hombe mamiriro. navanhu vake chikamu kumabvazuva Slavs, uyo pakupedzisira kuumbwa dzavo nzira inokosha pachavo youpenyu uye netsika. Pokuikurukura mberi uye nyaya sei rakasvika nearufabheti weRussia.

Kukura uye simbisa State kumisa zveupfumi nemagariro ukama nedzimwe nyika, kunyanya Western Europe. Uye nokuda kuti zvinodiwa kunyora, kunyanya kubva Russia vakatanga kuunza wokutanga Church kwechiSlavonic mabhuku. Panguva iyo pane kwakaderera muchihedheni uye kuparadzirwa Europe yose rechitendero chitsva - Christianity. Yakanga uye pakanga pari kudiwa kuti "michina" earufabheti naro dzidziso itsva yaizova kuratidza vose Slavs. Akava Cyrillic arufabheti, akasikwa kubudikidza "hama kuTesaronika."

basa rinokosha Constantine naMethodius

Muzana remakore rechi9 vanakomana anokudzwa vaGiriki vokuTesaronika akamiririra Byzantine mambo akaenda Moravia - panguva imwe simba mamiriro, riri mukati miganhu vemazuva Slovakia uye Czech Republic. basa ravo rakanga kuzozivisa Slavs vaigara Eastern Europe, nedzidziso dzaKristu uye pfungwa Orthodoxy, uyewo kuita kunamata mururimi rwavo nokuda vomunzvimbo. Kusarudza dzakawira nomunun'una nemasanga: vane zvakanaka unyanzvi yesangano, kushandisa kushingaira chaihwo zvidzidzo zvavo. Uyezve, zvose zvakakwana Inoziva chiGiriki uye necheSalvic. Constantine (pfupi asati afa, mushure mhiko sezvo mumongi, akapiwa zita idzva - Cyril, uyo akapinda munhoroondo) naMethodius akava vanhu akazogadzira arufabheti yomutauro wokuRussia. It zvichida chainyanya kukosha mugumisiro kwavo basa mugore 863.

Cyrillic

Kana iwe pave arufabheti nokuda necheSalvic hama akashandisa shoko rechiGiriki arufabheti. Tsamba hwaienzanirana madudzirwo mumitauro dzavanhu maviri, vakasiya kuchinja. Kureva necheSalvic matauriro ruzha vakanga vasipo kubva vaGiriki, zviratidzo itsva 19 vakanga tega. Somugumisiro, mumwe arufabheti itsva yaiva tsamba 43, huzhinji dzakwidzwa apinda bumbiro pemarudzi kamwe vaitaura mutauro mumwe chete.

Asi nyaya uyo akazogadzira arufabheti mutauro wokuRussia hakuiti kugumira ipapo. Kwemazana emakore, Slavs 9-10 mhando mbiri nearufabheti vaiva vanhuwo: Cyrillic (izvo yambotaurwa) uye Glagolitic. Yechipiri rine vashomanana tsamba - 38 kana 39, chiratidzo kwavo kwakanga kwakamuomera. Uyezve, zviratidzo okutanga anoshandiswa kuratidza mamwe digits.

Saka kana Cyril arufabheti kutanga?

Kwemazana emakore anoverengeka, vatsvakurudzi vanoomerwa kupa chaicho mhinduro yomubvunzo uyu. Mu "The Life Cyril," izvozvo yakati kuti "tichibatsirwa mukoma wake ... uye vadzidzi ... yaiva necheSalvic arufabheti ...". Kana zvakadaro, ipapo izvo maviri - Cyrillic uye Glagolitic - chiri zvisikwa? The nyaya rakaoma nokuti zvinyorwa, akaita kunyange Cyril naMethodius, havana vakachengetedzwa, uye gare gare (chokuita 9-10 emakore) - haataurwi mumwe bumbiro izvi.

Kuti tinzwisise uyo akazogadzira arufabheti mutauro wokuRussia, vatsvakurudzi yaiitisa yakawanda tsvakurudzo. Zvikurukuru, vari ichienzaniswa mumwe uye aripo asati chitarisiko chavo bumbiro uye vakaongorora zvakadzama zvabuda. Hatina asvika Kubvumirana, asi vakawanda vanobvumirana kuti Cyril akanga Ungangove yagadzirwa Glagolitic nayo, kunyange pamberi rwendo kuenda Moravia. Aya anotsigirwa ndechokuti nhamba tsamba mairi akanga pedyo sezvinobvira kuti phonetic maumbirwo Old Church kwechiSlavonic (akagadzirirwa zvakananga kuti kunyora). Mukuwedzera, muna ayo Kuongororwa kuti Glagolitic nemabhii kuwedzera rakasiyana Greek uye maperekadzi shoma kufanana kunyora ano.

Cyrillic tsime akava hwaro yokuRussia arufabheti (, az + beeches - zita tsamba zvayo rokutanga) inogona akasikwa nomumwe vadzidzi Constantine - Clement Ohritskim. Akaritumidza zita rokukudza vadzidzisi.

Paumbwe nearufabheti wokuRussia

Pasinei nokuti ndiani akazogadzira Cyrillic arufabheti, kuti zvakava hwaro kusikwa ano Russian arufabheti uye arufabheti.

Muna 988 Ancient Russia chiKristu, izvo yekudyidzana zvakakanganisa njodzi mutauro. Kubvira panguva iyo inotungamirwa yake kunyora. Zvishoma nezvishoma Old mutauro Russian, iyo yakavakirwa arufabheti Cyrillic akavandudzika. Yakanga yakareba chichiitwa, uko kwakaguma chete pashure 1917. Zvadaro chakaiswa kuchangobva kushanduka arufabheti yatinoshandisa nhasi.

How kushandura Cyrillic

Asati arufabheti wokuRussia angosimuka Zvinoonekwa kuti nhasi, ABC-kutanga musimboti kwave kuchiita nhamba kuchinja. Rinonyatsooneka okuchinja vakatanga mumakore 1708-10 pasi Peter I muna 1917-18 mushure chimurenga.

Pakutanga, Cyrillic arufabheti, ndizvo chaizvo nowenyika tsamba Byzantine, raiva shoma zvokuwedzera, doublet, tsamba, Somuenzaniso, n = i, iwe = ѡ - vanowanzova kunge raishandiswa kuchinjwa Bulgarian ruzha. Paiva akasiyana madudziro emazwi mavanga zvaratidza madudziro emazwi, mataurirwo breathy.

Pamberi ushe Peter I zvakananga akaita tsamba inoratidza nhamba - ndiye akatanga nyaya Arabic.

The nadzurudzo yokutanga (zvakanzi kunokonzerwa kudiwa vaigadzirira pamutemo mapepa: asi ABC dzakatorwa 7 letters:. £ (XI), S (kwazvo) uye zvakanyorwa manotsi mavhawero Ndine (akachinjanisa huripo) e (marara) Izvi zvikuru Yokudzidza arufabheti, uye pakuzivikanwa se "vehurumende." Muna 1783, Karamzin akati tsamba Y. Pakupedzisira, pashure 1917 yeRussian arufabheti tsamba kunge zvakanyangarika 4, uye, b (EP) uye, b (VaEf) rakazoreva chete kusimba uye softness of emakonzonendi .

Zvachose zita tsamba. Pakutanga, mumwe nomumwe wavo waimiririra shoko rose, uye arufabheti yose, maererano vaongorori vakawanda, akazadzwa anokosha. Izvi akaratidza pfungwa uye mafungiro avo akazogadzira arufabheti. mutauro Russian akachengetedza kuyeuka mabhii mazita mumadimikira uye mashoko okutanga. Somuenzaniso, "kutangira muvare" - kureva kubva pakutanga ..; "Phi hungu izhitsa - simbe Tyava pedyo." Zvaitika uye phraseologisms: "Cherechedza rechiito."

Iye rinorumbidza mutsvene zvikuru

Kusikwa Cyrillic arufabheti yaiva chiitiko chikuru nokuda necheSalvic nyika yose. Nhanganyaya kunyora akabvumira kutamira nevazukuru vaunganidza ruzivo, kuudza nhoroondo inotungamirwa uye kukura akazvimirira inoti chinobwinya. Havaiti netsaona vanoti: "Unoda kuziva chokwadi - kutanga arufabheti."

Pfuurai remakore, kune zvinhu zvitsva. Asi avo vakauya pamwechete arufabheti mutauro wokuRussia, vakayeuka uye airemekedzwa. Uchapupu ichi zororo, paZuva necheSalvic Literature, iyo inoitwa gore negore musi May 24 vakapemberera pose.