Morphemic Zvinoumba mashoko ano uye enhoroondo: muenzaniso. Historical kuchinja morphemic anoumba mashoko

Morphemic anoumba mashoko mumutauro kukura havasi kuramba zvakafanana. Historical transformations kuti vakatora nzvimbo iri mutauro, dzakachinja zvigadziko. Morphemic mamiriro zvachinja somugumisiro zvimwe urongwa, izvo isu munyaya ino.

Historical chinja zvinokosha

The chikuru vanzwe shoko inotungamirwa mu mutauro ano Russian ndiyo hwaro kuti rinobva uye asiri rinobva. The nzira yawo inotungamirwa panguva kukura mutauro nhoroondo iri kuchinja. Uye kunyange morphemic anoumba shoko yachinja mune zvimwe zviitiko. At mwoyo vakawanda vakarasikirwa zvazvinoreva morpheme. Heuno muenzaniso. At mumwoyo West pamberi morpheme shoko za- kukosha nokunyaradza. Munhau, yava achirasa. Saka, nheyo yazova asiri rinobva.

Kuti uwane mashoko pamusoro kusandura Kuronga morphemic

Kwete hazvo morphemic anoumba shoko mararamiro munhoroondo, sezvo ari muenzaniso kumusoro. Chete Kashoma unogona kutaura nezvazvo. Mumutauro ano, mashoko akawanda kuti nhengo morpheme zvakafanana sezvo kare. Asi nhasi pane mienzaniso yakawanda kana vanorasikirwa kubatana kwavo hwaro yepakutanga iro dzakaumbwa. Uyezve, kungava kuti shoko anotanga kurondedzera chete kusvika chikamu kugadzira zvigadziko, uye kwete zvachose nayo. Morphemic sezvamunoita zvachinja muna muzviitiko izvi. We kwamuri pamusoro zvikonzero izvo pane kuchinja zvakafanana.

Zvikonzero Kuchinja morphological mamiriro

Chokutanga, lexical zvichirehwa zvinokosha, sei correlated asati kubudisa rinobva, muri vamwe. Somuenzaniso, mumutauro wokuRussia nhasi hakusi kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro kuwirirana nemashoko akadai peberere (reimba) uye bapiro (shiri), nekuti ikozvino zvakasiyana pakukosha. Zvisinei, yakanga vakachengeta muna Old. Pachishandiswa mashoko aya regai kunyorerana sezvo rinobva uye zvibereko.

Chimwe chikonzero nei vaichengeta kuchinja morphemic mamiriro - mutsindo maumbirwo mashoko, zvisina nguva dzose inoramba zvakafanana. Heino mimwe mienzaniso. Words envelop pillowcase, yakaenderera gore pabutiro - zvakafanana mudzi, asi vane zvakasiyana morphological yakarongeka. Dérivés zvingoro - envelop (Ob Wolak the willow-Th), pillowcase (on-to-zvuva-a), vakakakatira (mu portage-a). A gore goko vakava dzisiri rinobva, sezvo ivo vakachinja hwaro inzwi kurasikirwa "mu". Modern uye nenhoroondo morphemic anoumba mashoko, saka ari zviitiko izvi hakusi chete.

Chimwe chikonzero - kurasikirwa chokuita nemashoko kana correlative kugadzira zvigadziko kubva duramazwi. Hezvi zvaunofanira unogona kuuya ano Russian mutauro mienzaniso vasiri rinobva nezvigadziko - mutyairi, winch hembe. Nokuti duramazwi pari akadonha correlative nomukaka zvigadziko (s - zvokurega mumugwagwa; nejichidza - mugodhi ane crank mubato; kwiza - chimedu rejira).

Modern uye nenhoroondo morphemic Zvinoumba mashoko dzimwe nguva hazvisi chete nokuda inobereka nemamiriro mhando simba pamusoro maumbirwo mashoko etymologically voga, kureva non-zvibereko marudzi. Somuenzaniso, amburera ndiye wokumwe mavambo. Pakutanga shoko rakanga nokuenzanisa sezvo mudzi. Zvisinei, nokufamba kwenguva, nomuenzaniso nemashoko Russian muromo, muswe etc. Zvakatanga nhengo inobva zont- (non-rinobva) uye suffix -IR.

Kuchengetwa nhoroondo kuchinja morphemic anoumba mashoko mune zvimwe zviitiko akataura kuomesa, kunenge kuwedzera uye anoitwa framework. We tsanangura mumwe nomumwe wavo.

anoitwa

Zvinonzi kuva asiri rinobva nheyo rinobva mashoko. Panyaya iyi, yokupedzisira anorasikirwa chlenimost pamusoro morpheme. Anoitwa inoita basa rinokosha mune mutauro. Pamusana kwaari, izvozvo kunowedzerwa pamwe mudzi non-rinobva mashoko. In mutauro pane nzvimbo itsva neshoko inotungamirwa. Mienzaniso: ... Success - Successful and said Spekhov-kukurumidza etc., imbai - kuibva, etc. Ukuwo, nokuda anoitwa derivational suffixes uri muboka isingabereki. Dzimwe nguva pane uye kupedzisa Kutsakatika dzavo, mamwe anochinja morphemic marongerwo. Muenzaniso: mumashoko nheyo akare rokutanga, mutsa wokutanga, izvo, mumutauro ano vane dzisiri rinobva, kwete akasarudzwa ari suffix -p-. Chete suffix iri akadonhedzwa shoko mukoma.

Zvikonzero anoitwa

Hweuprofita anoitwa shoko madzinde kunyara Red Palace. Vakava non-rinobva nokuti vakarasika panguva kushandiswa zvine musoro nezvichaitika iwayo mashoko yavakanga kamwe dzakaumbwa. Mienzaniso: nyadzi - Chinomufadza, tsvuku (ruvara) - kunaka yamambo - kwemba.

Morphemic Kuronga zvikamu kutaura hwachinja nokuda phonetic pezvakaitwa pa hwaro anotevera mashoko: motley, chovha, akafa. Ivo havachakwanisi kubatsira zvinokosha, kubva kunaani, uye handichisiri kuti govera imwevo morpheme (mavara - kunyora chovha - kutakura, vashakabvu - vakarara).

Zvikonzero kuti tipedzisire anoitwa, anogona kushanda panguva, piringisha. Somugumisiro azvaiitwa zvose hazvina kufanana ano uye historiallinen morphemic marongerwo. Somuenzaniso, kushaya relatedness pakati chinoumba - zvokudya - uturu, ruzha - the kurira, ukama - fundo - Union - mutauro - ndiyo mugumisiro kwete chete kuchengetwa pakati mashoko aya, kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro gwanza, asiwo nemhaka phonetic kuchinja zvakaitika nezvigadziko zvadzo.

apiwa kuwedzera

Re-kuwedzera ari redistribution kuti munhu mukati shoko morpheme, zvinoita kuti chokwadi kuti nechigadziko (vasara rinobva) ayo sezvamunoita inosimbisa chokwadi morpheme. Somuenzaniso, zvipfuwo, kudzikama vane -Chikamu suffix (kwete -skeleton), achitaura wevapenyu shoko-kuvaka kubatana. Chokwadi chokuti adjectives iyo vari kuumbwa (zhivny, kudzikama), hadzina kushandiswa mumutauro ano. Suffix -nost- vakananga suffix -ost- rinobva. Ndicho wemishonga izvi suffixes zviviri: - N, iyo kubviswa mujinga chipauro uye - nomuzongoza.

Education ose -skeleton rinobva -nost - kuratidzwa mhando kwacho kuti kuitwawo apiwa kuwedzera yeRussia mutauro zvinokosha. Ndiye mumwe risinganyatsozivikanwi kuti rakabva papi wefodya neimwe, kana Kuparadzwa mumwe kana vamwe vari chipande. Somuenzaniso, chinoumba tsvimbo, tinogona kuziva suffix -lisch-, izvo zvinosanganisira nhengo dzaro mamwe -l-. Last suffix zvinoreva shoko hove akarasika mumutauro ano.

Re-kuwedzera rinogonawo kuva pakati mudzi uye kuda. Somuenzaniso, shoko rechiito rakashandiswa kubvisa chivakashure CH, uye vachitevera izvozvo mudzi -ya-. Nhasi, shoko iri yakakamurwa sezvinotevera: c-AEs (shanu).

zvichireva reexpansion

Muitiro kunenge kuwedzera Anopfumisa mutauro kuti kune mhando itsva shoko inotungamirwa affixes uye kuva nezvibereko nguva. Kakawanda, izvi nenzira nokuumbwa suffixes itsva: - ochk- (Mari-Pts-a), -ink- (guruva-Inc.-a), -nost (pazita-ka). Zvikuru kashoma kuoneka inonyaradza (obez-, nebez-, kunzwisisa), izvo ndiwo mugumisiro mumwe kwemapazi mamwe inonyaradza maviri (Tsoko-volet, nebez-Darney, pasi-maonero).

fananidzo

Kuzodzosera kuwedzera uye anoitwa nheyo kazhinji pave nemarudzi akasiyana-siyana ringanidzo. By yokupedzisira inomirira kuitwa siyana shoko rimwe kuumba mumwe, nemitemo yomutauro chokuita. Nemhaka yake, kazhinji pasi kushandura nhoroondo morphemic anoumba mashoko. Fananidzo - wechisikigo kwacho kuti anowanika mumutauro. Mhando isingabereki kuti azoshandiswa uye risinganyatsozivikanwi kuti rakabva papi nokuda kwayo chiito hunofananidzwa neumwe mhando zvibereko siyana uye mashoko. Kana izvi akarasika pamusoro aimbova chlenimost morpheme kana ravo rinobva hunhu.

Mumutauro ano Russian anoverengeka siyana nezvekwakabva vaite vakasungwa Ringanidzo. Zvikurukuru, ichi kuvhara emazita svikiro uye rume -s, -s, -s (akagara ah aaa-imba, imba-s, That vakagara). Vakaonekwa somugumisiro zvakafanana siyana zvechikadzi emazita (mabhuku ndiri - retafura am, pane patafura-ndipo). Zvakaguma apiwa kuwedzera chawo (pachinzvimbo mabhuku - mabhuku). It achinja zvikuru munhoroondo morphemic marongerwo.

Vor- kubva pamudzi shoko yakaumbwa kuvhura. Izvi zvakaitika kuburikidza chivakashure The hama. Shoko iri rakanga pasi pokudzora mumwe - pakusika. Somugumisiro, zvakafanana kuvhura-asike nheyo yokutanga yakanga pasi kuzodzosera kuwedzera. Rinotanga inotungamirwa conceptualized sezvo ane chivakashure o-. Saka mutauro mutsva shoko inotungamirwa chawo (apo-do pamusoro-do, itai-marudzi, uye zvichingodaro. D.).

kuomesa

Mune zvimwe zviitiko, chiito kana panowanikwa mashoko akafanana kuti vane ukama kuva isiri rinobva hwaro, zvinotungamirira kuomesa wevakabhuroka. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, inova rinobva, kureva, rwunotanga kugovera.

Process yematambudziko akatarisana akakurukura kuonana kwacho anoitwa. kutendeuka iyi rinobva nechigadziko, raiva kare vasiri rinobva. Kunyanya, shoko achiita zvokutemera Russian akakweretwa kubva mutauro French, conceptualized pakutanga sezvo vasiri rinobva. Asi kamwe ari hurongwa mutauro wedu yakabuda mukupera borrowings muvezi ugonyora nayo "kuoma". Shoko iri rakava rinobva. It inomira grav- mudzi uye suffix -ur-. mhando iyi kuchinja vakawanda mashoko chikwereti. Somuenzaniso, mhirizhonga, muGiriki pakuberekwa, akanga kare asiri rinobva hwaro. Zvisinei, nokuti kuti mutauro akanga nechokuita naye anarchic, anarchical, anarchist, uye vamwe. Akatanga kugoverana. Saka yakaumbwa asiri rinobva hwaro anarh- uye suffix S j-.

Ufukidze morpheme

It anomira panze, tisingabatanidzi mananara-vataurwa pamusoro apa, uye nokuiswa morpheme. It kunoitika apo chikamu avo kuti aenderane zvakafanana. Somuenzaniso, zvinokwanisika pakati substrate uye suffix (Avangard - Avangard + makwai Sverdlovskii - Sverdlovsk denga +). Zvisinei, nokuiswa hazvigoni kuitika kana tiri kutaura pamusoro mudzi uye kunyaradzana (Irtysh, Zaamure).

Zvose pamusoro kuchinja nemamiriro shoko (a kuomesa, apiwa nokuwedzera, anoitwa) vanoti morphemic nziyo chakachinja nedanho nhoroondo kukura mutauro. All kuchinja izvi kudzidza Mabviro. Vanoti mhedziso, mashoko mashoma nezvazvo.

Mabviro

Mabviro - dzidziso kwakabva mashoko akasiyana. chiitiko wavo anogona kuzivikanwa kuburikidza etymological kuongorora. Zvinopa mukana kuziva nhoroondo shoko-dzichiumbwa chisungo, waiva yepakutanga morphemic chivako ichi kana shoko, uyewo zvikonzero izvo hazvina kuchinja kubva musumo.