Ndiani Wahhabi: mapikicha, zviratidzo, kusiyana kweVaMuslim vechokwadi

Iye zvino, munyika (kunyanya muRussia) munharaunda matambudziko anokonzerwa nekukura kwekunamata zvekunamata, kunyanya zvechiIslam, vane unhu hunokosha. Mukuziva kwevanhu, Islamic extremism inobatanidzwa zvikuru neWahhabism. Panguva imwecheteyo, vamwe vaMuslim vanofunga kuti vateveri veboka iri rechitendero kuti vave varwi vekunatswa kweIslam. Ndiani Wahhabi? Ndeupi musiyano pakati pavo nevaMuslim? Chinangwa chavo chii? Zvose izvi zvichakurukurwa munyaya ino.

Ndivana ani?

Chokutanga pane zvose, ngationgororei kuti Wahhabis ndiani. Ava ndivo vateveri veWhahabism, inokosha yezvino muIslam. Vanogamuchira dzimwe shanduro dzeKurani uye hadith. Izwi rokuti "Wahhabism" rakaiswa muparidzi muzana remakore rechi18 nekupikisana nemuparidzi Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahab. Maonero ake pamusoro pemazuva ano echiIslam akafanirwa asina kururama. Iye pachake akaudzwa kuti anenge aine mapenzi.
Parizvino, izwi rokuti "Wahhabism" rine zvinyorwa zvakawanda. Nokudaro, vamiririri vechiKristu uye vasingatendi kuna Mwari vanowanzobatanidza Wahhabis nemagandanga. Vanhu vasinganzwisisi mazano eIslam, vanogona kufunga nezveMuslim akadai ane ndebvu.

Who are Wahhabis in Islam? Kune vateveri vezvetsika zveIslam Wahhabi ndeye anoteerera kune tsanangudzo dzakasiyana dzechitendero. Nokudaro, kududzirwa kwemazuva ano kune zvakawanda zvakakura uye zvinosanganisira vose vaMuslim vanoomerera pane imwe shanduro yekureva zveIslam. Wahhabis anonzi vaviri vanyengeri vanyengeri uye Sunnis. Kuti anzwisise kuti Wahhabhi chaiko chaizvo, zvakakosha kuziva nhoroondo yematangiro echiitiko ichi chechitendero.

Occurrence

Muvambi wenzira iyi yechitendero ndiye muparidzi Muhammad Abdel Wahhab, uyo ari muhafu yepiri yezana remakore rechi18 aiva mutungamiri wehurumende yezvekupandukira muArabia Peninsula nekuda kwekusununguka kubva kune simba reUtoman Empire. Sezvo zvinangwa zvehurumende yekusununguka, slogans yakashandiswa pamusoro pekudikanwa kwekurwa kwekunatswa kweIslam kubva kune zvisikwa. Pfungwa yemafungiro aMuhammad Abdel Wahhab yaiva yekuramba sultan yeTurkey semutongi mukuru wevaMuslim vose. Nokudaro, kusimbisa kurwisana kwehurumende yenyika, zvinyorwa zvechitendero zvakashandiswa, sezvo zvinowanzoitika kusvika ikozvino. Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechina, rusununguko rwekusununguka muArabia rwakapedzwa nemauto eTurkey Sultan. Kwekanguva hapana munhu akambonzwa nezveWahhabis. Makore zana nemakumi mashanu gare gare, zvinyorwa zvavo zvakare zvakamutswa nemukuru wechidiki Al Saud Abdelaziz, muumbi weushe hweSaudi Arabia. Nekuvhura kweminda huru yemafuta munharaunda yeSaudi Arabia nokuda kwekupararira kweWahhabism munyika yose yeIslam, simba rezvekubhadhara mari rakaonekwa.

Nhoroondo yekusimudzirwa

Uhahabism sechirevo chekutenda muIslam inobatana zvikuru neSaudi Arabia uye inoshandiswa nekutonga kwayo mukuzadzisa zvinangwa zvekunze kune dzimwe nyika yekuwana hukuru munyika yeIslami. Asi zvakadaro vanhu vazhinji vanotenda kuti vanhu ava havasi vaMuslim. Wahhabis anotsvaga kuchenesa Islam, asi nzira dzavanoshandisa izvi hazvibatsirwi neKurani tsvene.

Somugumisiro wehondo yeArab-Israel ye1973, kwaive nekuwedzera nokukurumidza kwemafuta emafuta, izvo zvakaita kuti kuwedzerwa mune upfumi hwevakuru vakuru veSaudi Arabia. MuJeddah, Sangano reIslamic Conference neBuslamic Development Bank iri kusimbiswa , iyo yakava chigadziro chakasimba chokuparadzira simba reSauro munyika dzeMuslim.

Wahhabis muU.SA

Wahhabism yaishandiswa zvakare neUnited States sechinangwa chekudzivisa kuendeswa kwemauto eSoviet kuAustralia muna 1979. Saudi Arabia, United States nePakistan zvakabatsira pakupararira kwemafungiro ake ekugadzirisa jihad kuitira kuti varwise kuvepo kweSoviet muAfghanistan. Chimwe chikamu chechirevo chepurogiramu iyi chaiva kubuda kwezvakadzidziswa zvakasimba, zvine simba zvinokurudzirwa zvevanhu vazhinji vevaIslami avo, mushure mehondo yeAghghan, vakashandura kukwikwidzana neUnited States uye vashandi vayo. Yaiva panguva ino iyo United States yakasimbisa sangano reAl-Qaida pasi peutungamiri hwaOsama bin Laden, avo mabasa avo akazova dambudziko guru kuUnited States kwenguva yakareba.

Kusimbiswa kweizvi religioznogo ikozvino uye kupararira kwayo kwakabatanidzwa mukugadzirirwa kweMambo weSaudi Arabia Fahd musoro "Guardian wezvimbo mbiri tsvene" (Mecca neMedina). Nokudaro Whahabism, sechitendero chepamutemo cheSaudi Arabia, yakagadza simba pamusoro pematunhu makuru eIslam.

"Wahhabhi" haisi shoko rinoshungurudza, sezvinofungwa nevanhu vazhinji. Izwi iri rakaumbwa sechikonzero chezviitiko zvezvakaitika kare.

Chii chiri kuitika nhasi?

Iye zvino, Wahhabis munyika yeIslami inenge imwechete yezana yevaMuslim. Iyi nzvimbo dziri Saudi Arabia neQatar. Uyewo aya mazano akaumba maonero evanhu veTaliban muAfghanistan. Wahhabism yakagamuchirwawo nehuzhinji hwechiIslam radicals chete pamusoro pokugadzirira kuenda kuhondo ne "vasingatendi". Nokudaro, ichi chinangwa kubva pakupera kwezana remakore rechi20 chave chakanyatsobatana nehugandanga hweIslam. Ndiani Wahhabi muzvokwadi uye zvakasiyana sei nemasidhoni echiMuslim?

Kusiyana kweWahhabis kubva kuMuslim

Ngationgororei zvikamu zvikuru zvezviitiko izvi uye kusiyana kwaro kubva kune dzimwe nzira dzeIslam.

1. Vateveri veWahhabism chaizvoizvo vanodudzira Koran, vasingafungi nezvemamiriro ezvinhu ezvematongerwe enyika muArabia munguva yeMuporofita Muhammad. Allah anonzwisiswa semunhu chaiye uyo ane mukana wekusununguka kusununguka, asi Kuonekwa Kwake kunoramba kuri chakavanzika, nokuti Haafaniri kufanana nomunhu uye hazvinei kuti chii. Kusiyana kweWahhabis kubva kuvaMuslim kunoratidzirwawo mune zvekuti vekare vanonyanya kuvenga tsika dzetsika.
2. Sezvo chiri chikonzero chedziso yeHahabhi, zvikamu zve Hadithi yaBhuriri neMuslim zvinonzwisisika, uye zvimwe zvikoro zvechitendero nepamutemo zvinoramba zvachose. Uyewo vanofunga nezvechihedheni chikumbiro chakanaka kuna Allah ("tawassul"). Hazvidikanwi kushanyira makuva ehama dzaMuhammad nevamwe vanhu vakarurama vechiIslam. Avo vakaurawa vaHahabis, mukufunga kwavo pachavo, havafananidzi kuvigwa mumatsika ose echiMuslim.
3. Wahhabis vanoramba kunamatira kwevakafa uye vanongorwisana nemamakuva emadzitateguru avo (vanovaparadza, vadzivisa kuita zvinyorwa uye kuisa zviyeuchidzo). Vari kurwisana nehondo yakaoma neyekare kare yevanhu, vachitsvaka kuparadza nzvimbo tsvene uye zviyeuchidzo zvemitambo. Nokudaro, vanoramba nyika, vachitsvaka kugadzira nzvimbo itsva yezvakaitika zvevaMuslim. Maonero avo ezvematongerwo enyika uye zvechitendero anonyanya kuoma. Kurambwa kwevanhu vose vasingagamuchiri maonero avo uye tsika yavo uye nyika inoona zviratidzo zvikuru zveWahhabi.
4. Uyewo kune vateveri veizvi mafambiro chiratidzo chekurambwa kwakanyanya kune vasiri VaMuslim avo vanobvumirwa kuuraya nekurwa hondo (jihad). Wahhabis, uyo anouraya vanhu vemamwe machechi, chinhu chinowanzoitika kakawanda munyika dzeMuslim. Hondo ye "vasingatendi" inoonekwa sechitsvene kune musikana akatendeka. Panguva imwecheteyo, miganhu yenyika inorambidzwa. Vose vaMuslim vanoshanda mumasangano ehurumende, mauto nemapurisa enyika izvo zvisingatauri umo Islam inonzi inozivikanwa sechitendero chepamutemo inozivikanwa sevakaramba kutenda. Vanhu vane utsinye zvakanyanya vaWhahabis. Mufananidzo wacho haugone kutaurira mafungiro iwayo akaipa anogara mumoyo yavo.
5. Wahhabis haazive mitemo yenyika, zvisarudzo zvematare enyika, kunze kweSharia. Wahhabis anoramba zvakare mamwe mavhiri muIslam (Sunnis uye Shiites). Mabasa ezvegandanga nokuda kweIslam (kusanganisira kuzvipira) anoonekwa seine mhosva uye anokurudzirwa. Panguva imwecheteyo, vateveri veWahhabism vanoramba kuti iripo, nokuti kwavari ivo maonero avo ezvitendero ndeechokwadi chete.
6. Ndiani Wahhabi uye chinangwa chechinangwa chake chii? Chinangwa chevanhu ava ndechekuumba imwe nyika yeIslam (caliphate), kushanda maererano neshoko reSharia. Zvinonzwisisika kuti caliphate ichagadzirwa pachishandiswa basa guru reSaudi Arabia neQatar, iro rakatonga boka revanhu richava nechinzvimbo chakakwana. Dzidziso dzeWahhabism dzinowanzochinja zvichienderana nezvinangwa zvezvematongerwe enyika zvezvinonyanya kutsvakurudza. Panguva imwecheteyo, hutungamiri hwemhirizhonga uye kuramba kwekukurukurirana nevamiririri vezvimwe zvitendero hazvina kuchinja.
7. Nzira yekusiyanisa vaHahabhi kubva kune mhombara chaiyo? Kutenda kuhuwandu hweWahhabism nemanzwiro emakororo, pfungwa idzi dzinonzwisisika nyore nhengo dzemarudzi ose emasangano emhosva. Nzvimbo huru inoramba ichinyanya kukwikwidzana mune zvehukama kwete kune vanhu vari kune dzimwe machechi, asiwo kune vaMuslim - vateveri veimwe mamiriro muIslam. Vanofanira kunge vachibatanidzwa mukurwisana kusingagoneki kusvikira vaparadzwa zvachose. Wahhabis hazvizvibatanidzi sechikamu chevanhu vavari ivo. Nyika yavo yakarambwa. Chinhu chikuru ndechokutevera mitemo nemitemo yeIslami mukunzwisisa kwavo.

Wahhabism muRussia

Panharaunda yeRussia Federation, Wahhabism yakapararira kunyanya muNorth Caucasus (muDagestan, Karachay-Cherkessia). Chikonzero cheizvi kuvepo munzvimbo idzi dzematambudziko akawanda ehupfumi nehupfumi (kusashaya basa, urombo, huori hurumende uye kushandiswa kwemitemo). Wahhabis weDagestan ndivo vanhu avo vasina kuwana rubatsiro mukugadzirisa matambudziko avo kana kuti vanozviona sevanopesana nezviremera nevamiriri vemitemo yezvemitemo uye semugumisiro yakawira pasi pesimba revaIslamic radicals. Kupararira kwemazano eWahhabi kunoshandiswa nemabasa evarume vanobva kunze kwenyika (kunyanya kubva kuSaudi Arabia, Jordan nePakistan), vane chinangwa chokuparadzanisa North Caucasus kubva kuRussia uye kugadzira caliphate. Basa ravo rekushungurudzika mumakore ekupedzisira makumi mapfumbamwe-makumi maviri ezana remakore rechi20 rakaunza kushayikwa kwehurumende uye maviri Chechen hondo. Kupararira kwemasimba makuru muIslam kunotungamirirwa nekunamata kusingaverengi kwevanhu, kunyanya vechidiki, kunyadziswa kwezvakaitika kare (kurangarira hondo dzeCaucasian, kutapwa).

Zvikonzero zvekuderedza simba reHahabism

Kusvikira munguva pfupi yapfuura, hurumende yaisagona kupikisa kuparadzirwa kwemagariro anonyanyisa akavakwa nehutano hwehurumende. Panguva ino, sezvo simba rehurumende richisimbiswa, matambudziko ehupfumi nehupfumi anogadziriswa zvishoma nezvishoma, kurwisana nehuori mumasangano ehurumende, uye mabasa emasangano akasiyana-siyana ehurumende asiri ehurumende anoregererwa, simba reWahhabis muNorth Caucasus nzvimbo iri kuwira.

Zviratidzo zvekunze

1. Wahhabis anofananidzirwa maitiro avo. Mufananidzo unoratidza humwe hunokosha hwekuonekwa kwavo - ndebvu. Iye, mukufunga kwevateveri veWahhabism, chiratidzo chekumanikidza chemunhu. Zvisinei, nekuda kwekukombera, inobvumirwa kupfupisa kana kuveura ndebvu zvachose. Kuti varege kuonekwa mumunda wekuona mitemo yemitemo, Wahhabis vanoedza kuzvivanza pachavo uye kwete kusiyana nehuwandu hwevaMuslim. Mashoko avo anopararira kazhinji akavanzwa. Nzira yekushandira inotevera inoteverwa nekuchenjerera kuongororwa nevatsvaga. Parizvino, pakati pekuedza kunoendeswa kushanda neMuslim vechidiki. Panguva imwe chete, kusagona kuverenga nekunyora, kusakwana, uye chido chekuwedzera maximalism pakati pevechidiki vanoshandiswa.
2. Uyewo zviratidzo zvekunze izvo zvinokwanisika kusiyanisa vaHahabis vanopfeka tambo shomanana (pamusoro pemakumbo), musoro wakaveurwa nemusoro wakaveurwa. Vanogonawo kupfeka mbatya dzenyika dzakagamuchirwa munyika dzeArabic.
3. Panewo kusiyana kwemuitiro wekuita tsika dzechitendero. Wahhabis, ari mumusikiti, usapfeka shanguti pamisoro yavo uye usashandise mabheji, anovaparadzanisa kubva kune vatendi vese.
4. Wahhabis vari kushingairira kutarisa madzimai avo zvizere zviso zvavo, vachisiya maziso avo akasvinudzwa. Uyewo vateveri veIslami yakazara vanopindura zvakanaka kurongeka uye sangano rehurumende yeSaudi Arabia uye munguva pfupi yapfuura gandanga (IGIL), rakarambidzwa munharaunda yeRussian Federation. Zvinyorwa zvavo zvekuparadzira mabhuku kazhinji hazvibatsiri kana zvakabudiswa pasi pezvinyorwa zvekutevera dzimba dzokudhinda: Badr, Ummah, Tauba, Fajrul-Islamiyah (Fajr), Ibragim bin Abdul-Aziz Al-Ibrahim, Santlada ".

Munguva ichangopfuura, Wahhabis anowanzozviti vaSalafis.

Mhedziso

Wahhabism seboka rechitendero mukati meIslam rakagadzirwa muzana remakore rechi16 uye rinosanganiswa nekuoma kwehupikano hwemagariro ezvematongerwo enyika muArabia, kunyanya, nekurwisana nekutonga kweUtoman Empire. Pakutanga, raive nerusununguko rwenyika, uyezve, pasi pesimba remanzwiro ekutonga munyika yeIslami, iyo yakaonekwa pakati pevatongi vakuru veSaudi Arabia, uyewo pasi pesimba rekunze (USA), Wahhabism yakatora tsika yakawanda. Nokuda kwake, kurambwa kwezvinhu zvose zveIslam zvinopesana nezvinangwa zvaro zvinoratidza, uyewo kuzivisa kurwisana ne "vasingatendi" sebasa dzvene reMuslim wese. Sangano iri mumaitiro aro emazuva ano rinomirira dambudziko rakakwana kumamiriro ezvinhu enyika yeRussian Federation, sezvo inotyisidzira kutendeseka kwenyika (kurambwa kweNorth Caucasus, dzimwe ndima dzine vanhu vakawanda vaMuslim).

Inofanira kunzwisiswa kuti Wahhabism haisi tsika yechitendero, inozivikanwa nevaMuslim vokuRussia, asi yakatorwa kubva kune imwe kunze uye iri kuedza kwemasimba ekunze kukonzera mamiriro ezvinhu ezvematongerwo enyika munyika. Hondo yekurwisana nehurumende inofanira kusanganisira kubviswa kwezvikonzero zvinokurudzira kuramba kwesimba kune chikamu chevanhu, mufambiro wemabasa akawanda ezvidzidzo, kunyanya pakati pevechidiki, avo vanonyanya kunetseka nekutenderera kwezvakawanda zvechitendero, izvo zvinopesana nemitemo yeIslam yepanyama. Pamwe chete neizvi, hurumende dzehurumende dzinofanirwa kuongorora mabasa ehurumende dzakasiyana-siyana dzisiri dzehurumende dzinobhadharwa kubva kune imwe nyika, kuparadzira tsika dzisiri kune tsika dzeRussia.