Nguva dzeRussia yekare, zvigaro zvemitambo: urongwa, tsanangudzo

Nguva dzekare yeRussia, dzine tsika dzemaitirwo ezvinyorwa zvekuongorora uku, ndiyo nguva inonyanya kukosha munhoroondo yenyika yedu, kubva panguva iyoyo ndiyo iyo nheyo dzemasangano, zvematongerwo enyika, ezvematongerwo enyika, ezvehupfumi uye ezvehupfumi dzakagadzirwa, izvo zvakawanikwa mune zvinyorwa, zvinyorwa zvekuchera matongo uye zvekugadzira.

Zvose zvinowanzoita nguva

Nheyo dzehutongi hwehurumende dzakagadzirwa munguva dzeAkare Rus. Zviyeuchidzo zvetsika zvemazuva ano zvinonakidza nekuti zvakaratidza maonero evanhu vechiduku vechiRussia, avo vakangotora Orthodoxy. Basa rinokosha mukusika kwavo rakaitwa nekutanga kwevakuru, avo vaiwanzobatsira mukuvakwa kwematombo, kunyorwa kwezvinyorwa, kuvakwa kwezvivakwa zvehurumende uye zvekudzivirira. Nokudaro, chiitiko chacho chakaendesa kuvanhu, kunyanya kune vagari vomuguta, avo vaiwanzovaka machechi nematemberi pamari yavo pachavo. Kunyanya kukosha munharaunda iyi yemitambo yakatambidzwa nemasimba echiGiriki. Vadzidzisi veByzantine vakava vavaki vezvivigiro zvakawanda, uye vakadzidzisawo vanhu vakawanda veRussia avo, vatora mitemo nemitemo yavo, munguva pfupi yakatanga kuumba maitiro avo akasiyana.

Rudzi rwetemberi

Nguva dzekare veRussia, dzine tsika dzematombo dzinomirirwa nekuvakwa kwechechi, dzakagara dzichiverengwa nemakore ekutanga-maMongol, kubva pa9 kusvika pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi13, asi nenzira yakazara, mazana emakore apfuura anoshandiswa kune iyi pfungwa. Rusvingo rwekuRussia rwakatora tsika dzeByzantine, saka matanda akadzika matende eAlex Rus, achitaura, achidzokorora maitiro avo. Zvisinei, munyika yedu, kugoverwa kwechechi-mabwe rectangular machechi kwakanyanya kupararira, uye dichircular dome yakatsiviwa neheti yakasimirirwa. Masters anowanzogadzirwa nemasikirwo uye anovhiringidza. Kunyanya mazana mana-pillared temberi akaparadzirwa, kazhinji vasangana nematanhatu matanhatu nemasere. Kazhinji kazhinji vaive neve tatu.

Kereke yekutanga

Nguva dzekare veRussia, dzine zvigaro zvetsika zvisingatauriki zvakabatana nekubhapatidzwa nekugamuchirwa kweOrthodoxy, yava nguva yekugara kwetemberi kuvaka. Muzvinyorwa zvezvivako izvi zvakakosha kusiyanisa zvinhu zvakanyanya, zvakasikwa izvo zvakava chiitiko chakakosha munhau uye chakashanda sekutanga kutanga kuvaka. Imwe yekereke yekutanga uye yakakosha zvikuru yaiva Chechi yeAssumption yaAkarovedzwa Virgin Mary, iyo yainziwo Deyatinnaya mukati mevanhu, sezvo mutungamiriri akapiwa chegumi chemari yake. Yakavakwa pasi paVladimir Svyatoslavich Mutsvene, uyo akabhabhatidza nyika yeRussia.

Zviratidzo

Vanochera matongo vanoona zvakaoma kudzorera maitiro avo ekare, zvisinei, mamwe emabhuku akachengetedzwa, akadai matanho echiGiriki pazvidhina, zvishongo zvemarble, pasi pepamusoro, zvinoratidza kuti kuvaka kwaiitwa nevafundisi vechiGiriki. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvinyorwa zviripo muCyrillic uye matanda e ceramic zvinotaurira kutaura pamusoro pekubatanidzwa kwemaSlav. Ichechi yakavakwa sechinhu chakasimbiswa nechepamusoro-soro maererano neyendarama yeByzantine.

Temberi dzezana remakore rechi11

Nguva dzekare veRussia, dzine zvigadziro zvetsika zvinoratidza kuti kupararira nokukurumidza nekugadzirwa kweOrthodoxy munyika yedu, yava nguva yekushanda kwekereke, yakasiyana nekukura, kuumbwa nekugadzirwa. Tembere yechipiri inokosha iri munyaya iyi ndiyo St. Sophia Cathedral muKiev. Yakanga yakagadzirwa panguva yekutonga kwaRaroslav the Wise uye yaifanira kuva nzvimbo huru yechitendero yenyika itsva. Chiratidzo chayo kuvepo kwemajira makuru. Iine gumi nevatatu veimba nemahwindo. Pakati nepakati pane chikuru, pasi - zvina zviduku, uye ipapo pane zvimwe zviduku zvisere zveimba. Ichechi iyi ine makwendefa maviri emasvingo, maviri-tiered uye imwe-tiered gallery. Mukati mavo mune mavara uye murals.

Mitsara yepamuchinjikwa yekare yeRus yaipararira munyika yedu. Imwe chivako chakakosha yaiva Assumption Church yeKean-Pechersk Lavra. Yaiva neve nhatu, mukati yakafara uye imwe dome. Yakaputirwa munguva yeHondo Yenyika Yechipiri uye gare gare yakadzoserwa mumitemo yeBraque yeUkraine.

Novgorod architecture

Zvivako zvemutauro weRussia zvakasiyana-siyana mukutaridzika uye maitiro. Novgorod makereke uye machechi ane zvinhu zvavo zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoita kuti zvikwanisike kusiyanisa tsika iyi seyeyeye munhoroondo yezvokuvakwa kweRussia. Zvisizvo muzvinyorwa zvezvivakwa zvekare zvinofanira kupiwa Sophia Cathedral, iyo kwenguva yakareba yakasara nzvimbo huru yechitendero ye republic. Yine shanu yeimba, nehanho shongwe. Dzimba dzakaumbwa sejoni. Masvingo akavakwa nemarara, mukati maro akafanana nechechi yeKiev, mabhenekeri akabatanidzwa, asi mamwe mazwi akawana zvishoma zvishoma, izvo zvakazova chimiro chechimiro chekuvakwa kweguta racho.

Pakutanga, masters akatevedzera maKiev models, asi gare gare architecture ye Novgorod yakatanga kuonekwa nekuda kwezvinhu zvakajeka uye zviri nyore kuona. Temberi dzavo duku shoma, squat uye zviri nyore kugadzira. Imwe yemachechi akakurumbira mumutauro uyu ndiyo Transfiguration Church paNereditsa. Icho chiri nyore kwazvo, asi chinotarisa chaizvo. Icho chiduku muhukuru, haina mhemberero dzomukati, mitsara iri nyore. Izvi zvinowanikwa mumachechi eNovogorod, kuonekwa kwekunze kwakasiyana-siyana kune zvimwe zvisingaverengeki, izvo zvinoita kuti zvive zvakasiyana.

Zvivakwa mune mamwe maguta

Zviyeuchidzo muNikzhny Novgorod zvinosanganiswawo muzita rezvivakwa zvekare zvekare zveRussia. Imwe yemachechi yakatsaurirwa kumuporofita mutsvene Eria. Yakanga yakagadzirwa muzana remakore rechi16 pakuyeuka kweguta racho kubva pakupinda kwevaTatars neNogais. Pakutanga chaiva matanda, asi gare gare, pakati pezana remakore rechi17, rakagadzirwazve mumabwe. Muzana remakore rechi19, kereke yakabva kune imwe chechi yakatarisana yakagadzirwa zvakare kuva kereke yakagadzwa shanu, iyo yakapa zita kumugwagwa muguta.

Zviyeuchidzo muNikzhny Novgorod zvinoshandisa nzvimbo yakakurumbira munhoroondo yezvokuvakwa kweRussia. Imwe yevakakurumbira ndeyeSt. Michael the Archangel Cathedral, yakavakwa muzana remakore rechi13. Yaiva kereke yakave-dombo ine mbiru 4 uye 3 apses.

Saka, maguta eimwe nyika uye hutungamiri hwepamusoro zvakare akazova nzvimbo dzekuvaka mashizha ekugadzira. Tsika dzavo dzinoratidzirwa nezvisikwa zvavo zvepakutanga uye zvakasiyana. Chechi yeSt. Nicholas yeNadein muYaroslavl inzvimbo yakasiyana yezana remakore rechi17. Yakanga yakagadzirwa pamhenderekedzo yeRwizi rwaVolga uye yakava yekutanga chechi yebwe pamusoro penyika yeguta racho.

Mutevedzeri ndiye aiva mutengesi Nadia Sveteshnikov, mushure mokunge vatengesi vakawanda nemhizha vakatangawo kuvaka machechi. Nheyo yetemberi yakasimudzirwa kumusoro kwepamusoro, kumusoro kwaive nemishanu shanu paine tsvina yakaoma mitsipa. Chechi yeSt. Nicholas yeNadein ine chinyararire iconostasis. Inogadzirwa mu baroque style uye yakatsiviwa muzana remakore rechi18 nemunhu mukuru.

Meaning

Nokudaro, chivakwa chekare cheRussia chinoshamisa pane zvayo, maitiro uye mukati. Nokudaro, inotora nzvimbo yakakurumbira kwete chete mutsika yenyika, asiwo munyika inyanzvi mune zvose. Mukubatana neizvi, kudzivirirwa kwezviyeuchidzo zvekare uye tsika zvakakosha zvikuru mazuva ano. Vakawanda vavo havana kusvika panguva yedu, vamwe vakaparadzwa munguva yehondo, saka vanochera matongo vemazuva ano nekudzorerazve vanokoshesa zvikuru kukosha kwavo nekugadziridza.