Nhamba Avogadro kuti: zvinonakidza zvinhu

Kubva chikoro kemisitiri kosi tinoziva kuti kana iwe tora mumwe nhuta rimwe fuma, zviri 6.02214084 (18) • 10 ^ 23 maatomu, kana zvimwe STRUCTURAL zvinhu (mamorekuru, ions, etc.). Nokuti zvivanakire nhamba Avogadro chiri kazhinji akanyorwa chimiro ichi: 6,02 • 10 ^ 23.

Zvisinei, nei Avogadro chenguva (mumutauro wokuUkraine "akava Avogadro") chaizvo kukosha zvakadai? Mhinduro yomubvunzo uyu hakusi mabhuku okuchikoro, uye vanyori venhau wekemisitiri kupa zvakasiyana siyana shanduro. Pfungwa ndechokuti nhamba Avogadro ndiro zvakavanzika zvadzinoreva. Chokwadi panofanira kuva zvemashiripiti nhamba, izvo zvinosanganisira zvimwe zvinoverengeka "Pi", Fibonacci nhamba, (kumabvazuva sere) nomwe, 13, etc. Tirwe kuti ruzivo Vacuum. About ndiani uyu Amedeo Avogadro, uye nei, vachikudza musayendisiti Kuwedzera iye akagadzira mumurairo waiitwa anonziwo ari mwena pamusoro Moon, isu hatingazvirumbidzi kutaura. Izvi kare rakanyorwa wandei nyaya.

Kuti kuva chaiwo, Amedeo Avogadro haana kuita Masvomhu pamusoro mamorekuru kana maatomu chero kunyanya vhoriyamu. Wokutanga uyo akaedza kufunga sei zvakawanda gasi mamorekuru iri rakapihwa vhoriyamu panguva iyoyo kumanikidzwa netembiricha rakanga Josef Loschmidt, uye yakanga 1865 gore. Somugumisiro kuedza kwavo Loschmidt akagumisa kuti mune imwe cubic sendimita chero gasi chaiye ezvinhu 2,68675 • 10 ^ 19 mamorekuru.

Naizvozvo, zvakanga yakagadzirwa vakawanda akazvimirira nzira yokuziva kuti Avogadro kugara, uye sezvo kunoguma vakawanda mutambo, chaitaura zvichaita kamwe zvakare muchifarira chaiye aripo mamorekuru. Panguva iyoyo, nhamba nzira yava kupfuura 60, asi mumakore achangopfuura, masayendisiti ari kuedza zvakare kuvandudza rakarurama vanofungidzira yokusuma itsva tsanangudzo rokuti "kilogram". Saka kure, ari kilogram Rinobatanidzwa ne vakasarudzwa mureza zvinhu pasina dzinokosha tsanangudzo.

Asi shure kumubvunzo wedu vokutanga - sei kugara ichi akaenzana 6,022 • 10 ~ 23?

In wekemisitiri, muna 1973, akanga aronga kuti ataure pfungwa yakadaro nokuti zvivanakire ari Masvomhu sezvo "uwandu yamarudzi". The hweBazi kuti kuyera mari akava mol. Maererano mazano pamusoro IUPAC, huwandu chero fuma zvakaenzanirana yayo chaiyo zvokutanga inoramba. The proportionality chinhu hakutsamiri mhando yamarudzi, uye nhamba Avogadro ndiwo ayo Ivan Kuchin ukoshi.

Kuti zvijeke, ngatiteererei chero muenzaniso. Apo tinoziva kubva tsanangudzo mabhomba vakawanda chikwata 1 amu It anoenderana mumwe-nemiviri mukanyiwa ane kabhoni atomu uye 12C ndiyo 1,66053878 • 10 ^ (- 24) giremu. Kana iwe muwande 1 amu pana Avogadro chenguva, isu tiwane 1,000 g / mol. Zvino tora vamwe makemikari maatomu akafanana, somuenzaniso, beryllium. Maererano Table guru beryllium atomu ndiyo 9,01 amu Tikaverenga izvo zvakaenzana imwe nhuta kwemaatomu ari chinhu,

6,02 x 10 ^ 23 mol-1 * 1.66053878h10 ^ (- 24) * 9,01 magiramu = 9,01 magiramu / nhuta.

Saka, zvinoita sokuti nyika matadza guru dziwande rinobatana mabhomba.

Avogadro chenguva rave zvakananga akasarudzwa kuti matadza guru hwaienzanirana ane mabhomba kana dimensionless kwazvo - hama samolecular (mabhomba) uremu. Tinogona kutaura kuti nhamba Avogadro kwakaita vanosungirwa chitarisiko chake rumwe rutivi, maatomu vakawanda Unit, uye pane dzimwe - vanowanzochema chikwata nokuti kuenzanisa uremu - magiramu.