Nhamba dzemari dzakasiyana-siyana: nhoroondo, zvinoreva, mazuva ano. Mari shoma dzenyika dzakasiyana

Shanduko yemari inodiwa mune chero nyika, mune rimwe guta iro nzvimbo dzakasimba pakati pevanhu dzinoitwa: nokuda kwekutenga kwezvokudya nezvimwe zvinhu zvinodiwa, nokuda kwemashumiro akawanikwa. Munyika dzakasiyana-siyana, mari shoma yakasiyana zvikuru kubva kune imwe, inobva pane mari yepamutemo.

Shanduko dzemari dzakasiyana-siyana: ikozvino kukosha

Nemutsara uyu tinotaurira mabhinki maduku, basa guru rekushandura nzira huru yekubhadhara uye inonyanya kuverengwa pakati pevatengesi nevatengi. Zvinhu izvi zvakakurumidza kutendeuka uye kupera zvakanyanya, zvinowanzofanira kusunungurwa. Nokudaro, vanorohwa kubva pane zvinhu zvisingabatsiri kupfuura zvigadzirwa zvakakosha. Muchirevo ichi, izwi rokuti "shanduko yemari" iri pedyo nepanzwisiso iyi: simba rekutenga rekubhadhara zvinoreva zvakakwirira kudarika mari yesimbi kana yirasi iyo mari inoitwa. Izvi zvinodzivirira matambudziko ekuregererwa kwavo nehuwandu hwevanhu, uyewo kutengeserana semidziyo inokosha. Munyika ipi zvayo, haugoni kuita kunze kwezvikwata zvemari izvi, nokuti mushure mekutenga chero kutenga, munhu wose anoda kuchengeta uye kuchengeta penny yakagadzirirwa. Ngatitsvakei kuti shanduko yemari ipi inoshandiswa munyika dzakasiyana, kusanganisira Russia.

Mari yeRussia mari: nhoroondo

Mari yekutanga yokutanga yakachinjana muRussia yaiva dziva nemari, imwe yakagadzirwa kubva mumhangura, imwe kubva kune sirivha. Kumusoro-kuchamhembe kweRussia, kusunungurwa kwavo kwakatanga muzana remakore re XV. Nokufamba kwenguva, chiyero chechipiri kusvika kune chekutanga chakashanduka. Iko kune zviratidzo zvenhoroondo zvekuenzana kwemari imwechete 60 ne 72. MuHurumende yeRussia yemari yeXIX yemakore esirivha yakashandiswa. Vose vakanga vakadanwa chibvumirano chips, sezvo vaishandiswa chete nokuda kwekudzoka mukati memo. Tinovanyorera:

• Sesirivha mune sangano re 20, 15, 10 uye 5 kopecks;
• Zvemhangura nechiso chepamusoro che 5, 3, 2 uye 1 kopecks, pamwe nemari (halfpenny) nehafu (hafu yepenny).

Mari shoma yeRussia nhasi

Mari shoma shoma yeRussia ndiyo mapeni. Nguva ye sirivha negoridhe zvinoreva kubhadhara zvapfuura. Ikozvino zviratidzo zvesimbi zvakanyorwa muRubles zvinonzi kushandiswa kwemashoko (somuenzaniso, 1, 2, 5 ne10), uye yakasarudzwa mumakokecks - anokwanisika. Idzi dzinosanganisira mari inonzi nominal value ye 50, 10, 5 kopecks uye 1 kopeck. Izvo zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti pakupararira, hazviwanzoitiki kuwana 1- uye 5-penny makopi. ICentroBank yeRussia yakatogamuchira zvigadziro zvekurega kudzipa. Asi kana izvi zvisingabviri kubva pakuona kwemutemo wezvino, tinofanirwa kuramba tichigadzira masirivha aya kuti titore vanhu vakwegura, kunyange zvazvo vakatora kopecks 15 uye 73 mumwe nomumwe, zvichienderana.

Mari yezvikamu zveUnited States of America

Shanduko shomanana yemari yeUnited States mukunzwisisa kwezuva ndechipi chepo chekubhadhara chakakosha kudarika dollar. Izvi zvinosanganisira 50, 25, 10, 5 masendi uye 1 cent. Maererano nemutemo wezvino weUnited States, masangano emari ari:

• Shingairira kushandiswa kwevakuru;
• Yakagadzirwa chete nehurumende (vanhu vega havabvumirwi kubhadhara mari);
• Inokwidzwa muyero yakakwana yekutengeserana kwekutengeserana (izvi zvinodzivirirwa nekuderera kwepamusoro pechiso chemaziso) ;
• Iyo yakagadzirwa kwete kunze kwegoridhe, kureva, kubva pamatare emari akaenzana enyika;
• Ari pasi, iyo iyo, iyo mazita ekuremekedzwa inoratidzwa kwavari yakawanda kudarika kukosha kwemukati.

Mari shoma yeGreat Britain

Mari yehurumende yeUnited Kingdom yeGreat Britain (inosanganisira Northern Ireland) ndiyo yeBritish pound sterling. Iyi mari yezvemari inoshandiswawo pazvizhinji zvitsuwa zveBritish (Falkland, Gibraltar, Saint Helena). Sekuti unit inomira peni, muzvizhinji-pence. Mari shoma shoma ye UK ndiyo imwe penny, asiwo masangano e 2 pence, 5, 10 uye 50 pence anoshandiswa mukupararira. Sejubheri, munhu anogona kuwana makero anokwana 25 (yakabudiswa kubva muna 1972 kusvika muna 1981) uye 20 (yakabudiswa kubva muna 1982) pence. Pamberi muna 1992, mari yacho yakagadzirwa kubva mumhangura, uye ikozvino yakagadzirwa nesimbi uye yakafukidzwa nemhangura. Izvo zvishoma zvishoma kune avo vakambotanga, asi hupamhi uye hukuru hazvina kuchinja. Pamari yemari kune mufananidzo wemambokadzi - mutongi wamambo.

Imari ipi ichauya yakazara muTurkey

Zvechokwadi, kana iwe uchienda parwendo, ukazorora munyika dzakatsva, ikozvino pose pose iwe unogona kubhadhara nemadhora kana euro. Asi ngatitsvakei mapeji emari uye madiki emari ekubhadhara anoshandiswa mumatunhu anozivikanwa eTurkey. Mari yenyika yenyika ira. Dhorobha duku yeTurkey ndiyo kurush. Mari yose inokosha kudarika 1 lira inoonekwa seyakagadzirisa chip, iyo iri kurush, 5, 10, 25 uye 50 kupfura. Pese mari yemari kune mufananidzo wa Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, uyo anonzi ndiye baba vehurumende yeTurkey yenyika. Nhamba yekutengesa yeirira inopesana nedhora iri kutenderera. Inogona kuenzana kusvika ku5% muzana mukati mezuva, saka haugoni kutaura zvakananga kuti chiyero chichave chei pane rimwe zuva.

Mari yeEgypt

Mari ye nyika yenyika iyi pondo yakaenzana ne100 piastres. Kungofanana nechinangwa chechigadziro ishanduko duku (Egypt uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzeSudan dziri kushandisa nhasi). Mukuparidzira kune mabhizinesi emasangano ema25 ne 50. Kare, pamwe chete navo, 5 uye 10 piastres zvakashandiswa, asi zvino hazvisati dzawanikwa. Nzira dzinomhanya dzinogona kuzivikanwa nemufananidzo weCleopatra kana zita rakatsanangurwa rehurumende. Iyo yakaumbwa nesimbi, uye yakafukidzwa nendarira. Mune nzvimbo yekugara maguta enyika ino unokwanisa kuverenga euro kana madhora pamwe ne piastres.

Nzira yekubhadhara muUkraine

Iko mari yemunyika ino - iyo hryvnia (muChiukraine "hryvnia") - yakaenzana ne 100 kopecks. Iye zvino, mari yeUkraine ndeye 1, 2, 5, 10, 25 uye 50 kopecks. Chikamu chekubhadhara nechinonzi nominal value ye 1 hryvnia kakatofungidzirwa shanduko yemari. Mari dzinomiririra 1, 2 kopecks uye 5 kopecks dzakagadzirwa nesimbi dzisina kushandiswa, uye yepamusoro-sangano-yakagadzirwa nendarira kana aluminium bronze. Vose vane mufananidzo wejasi reUkraine.

Variable banknotes inoshandiswa munyika dzeScandinavia

Iri ndiro zita renzvimbo iri kuchamhembe kweEurope, iyo ine nhoroondo yayo uye tsika, inosanganisira Norway, Sweden, Denmark neIceland. Iyi ndiyo tsika "yakarongeka", uye kuwedzera kune nyika idzi, Finland inowanikwa. Nyika idzi dzose dzine nyaya dzisina kujairika uye dzakafanana nedzimwe nyika. Ngatitsvakei kuti nyika idzi dzinoshandisa euro (nokuti inhengo yeEuropean Union) kana kuti dzine mabhizinesi awo, pane imwe mari yeScandinavia here?

Sweden neSorway

Mari yemunyika yeSweden ndeyeSweden krona, yakaenzana ne100th era. Pasinei nokuti iyo nyika inhengo yeEuropean Union, vazhinji vagari vomunyika yacho vanopesana nekusvitsa euro. Vagari vemaguta makuru chete vanotsvaka izvi, sezvo kune huwandu hwakawanda hwevashanyi, kutengesa mabhuku uye nhamba yekufamba kwemhepo. Senguva duku shanduko yemari ndiyo makore makumi mashanu, mari yakawanda inofungidzirwa pa1 korona. Chimwe chikamu chechidiki ichi chekuongorora chikwata ndechekuti inoratidzira korona mitatu pamakopi ekare yekare uye monogram yaMambo Charles XVI Gustav - pane zvitsva.

Norway inewo mari yeyo pachedu - korona yechiNorway, iyo yakaenzana nezana remakore zana. Asi zvakaitika kare, zvese zvekubhadhara zvakagadzirwa nesimbi yekutanga, yechipiri, yechitanhatu, yegumi nemakumi maviri nemakumi mashanu yemakore zvino yakabva pamusika. Mari yekupedzisira yemakore makumi mashanu yakabviswa kubva pakushandiswa muna 2012. Saka isu tinogona kutaura kuti muNorway hapana mabhizimusi ematare anotsinhanisa, anongowanikwa 1, 5, 10 uye 20 kroons, uyewo mabhizinesi ehurukuro yakawanda. Norway haisi chikamu cheEuropean Union, saka hapana chirongwa chekuisa euro.

Denmark neIceland

MuIceland, Icelandic krona inoshandiswa pakuverenga. Yakanga iriwo zana, asi yakasimuka pane imwe nguva kupfuura kuNorway, muna 1995. Muna 2002, hurumende yenyika yakagamuchira mutemo, maererano nezvayo, kubvira muna 2003, Iceland's bargaining chip haisipo zvepamutemo, uye koruna haisati yachinjana. Ikoko unogona kuona makopi ane 1, 5, 10, 50 uye korona 100.

Denmark, kunyange yaiva nhengo yeEuropean Union kwemakore gumi nemaviri, haisi ikozvino nhengo yeharaunda iyi. Kufanana nenyika dzose dzeScandinavia, inoshandisa mari yaro yenyika, krone yechiDanish, uye hairaridzi kuendesa ku euro, sezvo mugumisiro we referendum muna 2000 wakaratidza. Mari inoshandiswa yeDenmark ine dhinomusi ye1, 2, 5, 10, 25 uye 50 yemakore.

Kusiyana kwemabhengi epa European Union

IEuropean Community inoshandisa mune zvose kuverenga mari ye euro, yakaenzana ne100 euro masentimita. Nyaya yechishandisirwo chezvikamu zve 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 uye 50 masentimita. Izvo zvakashata (mberi) kurutivi rwemari yesangano rimwechete zvakafanana, asi kuchinja kune zvakasiyana kune zvese izvo zvinovabudisa. Zvinonakidza kuunganidza kuunganidza kwakazara kwekuchinja kwezviratidzo zveEuropean Union, nokuti chimwe nechimwe chazvo chiri chepakutanga, chine mufananidzo wekutanga kune imwe nyika. Zvichava zvakaoma kuwana mari chete kubva kuVatican neMonaco, sezvo nzvimbo yavo duku haibatsiri pakugadzirwa kwemhando yakawanda yezvigadzirwa uye kuparadzirwa kwayo kukuru. Mari ye 1, 2 ne5 masentimita inobudiswa kubva pendarira, yakaputirwa nemhangura, uye 10, 20 uye 50 - kubva pazamu dzendarira, zinc, tin uye aluminium, iyo inoita segoridhe, uye 20-cent ane zviduku zviduku pamativi.

Ngatitorei dzimwe nyika nemifananidzo pane zvakashata zvekuchinja kwavo mari:

• Austria: maruva eAlpine greek, edelweiss, primrose (Alpine primroses), St. Stephen's Cathedral muVienna, suo guru reUpper Belvedere nejasi reMambo Eugene weSavoy, Vienna Secession (chiratidzo chebhiriji pakati pemari);
• Belgium: nhoroondo yeMambo Albert II;
• Vatican: mufananidzo waBenedict XVI;
• Germany: oak branch, Gateen Brandenburg muBerlin;
• Greece: Athenian trirea, corvette, gungwa regungwa, mifananidzo yeRiga Fereos, mifananidzo yeKapodistria Ioannis, mifananidzo yeEleftherios Venizelos;
• Ireland: Celtic harp;
• Spain: St. James Cathedral muSantiago de Compostela, mufananidzo waMiguel de Cervantes;
• Cyprus: mahwendefa maviri, chikepe "Kyrenia" chikepe;
• Luxembourg: nhoroondo yeDuke Henri weLuxembourg;
• Latvia: zvombo zviduku uye zvikuru zveRepublic of Latvia;
• Malta: Mnajdra temberi yakaoma, chiratidzo chehurumende cheMalta;
• Monaco: chikwata chemhuri uye chisimbiso chemhuri yeGrimmaldi;
• Netherlands: nhoroondo yeMambokadzi Beatrix;
• Slovakia: Gomo reKrivan (High Tatry massif), Bratislava castle;
• France: iyo mifananidzo yakawanda yevechiduku Marianne uye mudyari.

Iyi inongori rutivi rwekunyorera mifananidzo yemari pamari yenyika dzakasiyana. Vanhu vanofarira kuverenga, kunyanya vanoziva zvakasiyana-siyana zvemari imwe neimwe yemari. Zvichida, uye iwe unofarira kuona kuti zvisikwa izvi zvose zvinoratidzika sei. Shanyira kirabhu ye numismatists kana mharidzo yavo uye unofarira pfuma yekuchinja mari!