Nharaunda uye nzvimbo yeNharaunda yeNovosibirsk. Midzi dzeNharaunda yeNovosibirsk

Kumadokero kweWestern Siberia, nzvimbo yeNovosibirsk iripo, iyo inopinda paAltai Krai, Omsk, Tomsk neKemerovo, uyewo iine imwe yenharaunda dzakapoteredza, pamwe neKazakhstan.

Nhoroondo yeNharaunda yeNovosibirsk

Nharaunda yeNovosibirsk yakavakwa muna 1937, asi kukura kwenharaunda kwakaitika nguva refu isati yaumbwa. Nezvakawanikwa zvakasiyana-siyana, zvakasara zvakawanikwa, masayendisiti aidavira kuti kuonekwa kwekutanga kwevanhu kwakaitika munguva yePaleolithic, iyo inonzi inonzi Stone Age.

Zvishoma nezvishoma, ndima yacho yakagadzirwa, uye vanhu veNovosibirsk munzvimbo yeMiddle Ages vaiva vanhu veTurkic, vachitungamirirwa ne khans. Mumazana mazana mapfumbamwe nemazana mazana maviri nemashanu, ndima yacho yaiva mhiri kwekumabvazuva kweGold Horde, uye mushure mechinguva - Siberian Khanate.

Pakati pezana remakore rechi17, maererano nevasayendisiti vakawanda, nzvimbo iyi yakagadziriswa nevaRussia, uye pane imwe nzvimbo muna 1644 musha weMaslyanino wakagadzirwa. Zvishoma nezvishoma, nzvimbo yeNovosibirsk yakatanga kuwedzera nekuda kwekuvakwa kwemisha, nhare, majeri uye kugadziriswa kwevanhu, apo njodzi dzekutsvaga kwemasvingo dzakaderera.

Kusvikira 1921, zvakadaro, nzvimbo yacho yakanga isipo, sezvo yaiva chikamu chepurovhinzi yeTomsk, saka yaiva chikamu chepurovhinzi yeNovoskolaevskaya, nyika yeSiberia, yeWest Siberia. Muna 1937 chete nzvimbo yacho yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri: nzvimbo yeNovosibirsk neAltai Territory.

The Area

Nhasi iyi ndeimwe yezvinyorwa zvakawanda zveRussian Federation. Nharaunda yeNovosibirsk munharaunda 177 000 km², inoshandisa nzvimbo ye18 pakati pezvinhu zvose zveRussian Federation uye nzvimbo yechitanhatu muSiberia Federal Federal mushure meKrasnoyarsk Territory, Irkutsk Region, etc. Kureba kubva kumaodzanyemba kusvika kuchamhembe kune 444 km, kubva kumabvazuva kusvikira kumavirira - 642 km.

Population

Vagari vomunharaunda yeNovosibirsk nekuverenga kwe2013 vaiva vanhu 2.7 mamiriyoni. Vakawanda vari vagari vemoji, kana kupfuura zvakanyanya 77%, saka huwandu hwevanhu hunokwana 15.2 vanhu. Per sq. M. Km. 90% yevagari veRussia, uye vanhu vakadaro sevaGermany, veUkraine nevamwewo vanomiririrwawo. Izvo zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti iyi inonzi urbanized, zvinoreva kuti vanenge 60% vanogara muNovosibirsk, 17% mune mamwe maguta, uye 23% chete mumaguta, misha uye mumaguta.

Maguta nemataundi

Maguta enharaunda yeNovosibirsk ane zvidzidzo gumi nemashanu chete. Iyo yakakura ndeyeNovosibirsk, ine vanhu vanokwana mamiriyoni 1.5 evanhu, uyewo Berdsk ine vanhu vanenge 100 000 vanhu, Iskitim, Kuibyshev nevamwe, uko ichi chiyero hachipfuuri vanhu zviuru makumi matatu.

Maguta akare zvikuru ndeye Kargat neBerdsk, iyo yakaonekwa mumavambo ekutanga kwezana remakore rechi18, uye muduku kudarika-weBho, wakagadzirwa muna 1934. Zvinonakidza kuti guta racho rinodanwa nezita rorwizi rukuru rwenharaunda yacho, asi kune rimwe remvura rine mvura 15 km kubva.

Pasinei nekuti vanhu vakawanda vanogara mumaguta, kunewo makumi matatu ematunhu ekufambisa uye 17 misha yemaguta munzvimbo iyi. Misha yeharaunda yeNovosibirsk ine nhoroondo yavo pachayo, uye imwe yacho inopera mazana emakore. Imwe yevakakurumbira ndeyeKolyvan, uko vanhu vanenge zviuru gumi vanogara, ine pfuma yakawanda (inotaura nezvayo yakadzoka muna 1797). Heino vakadzi veElexander Nevsky vedzimba, imwe yevaviri munharaunda yose. Kana kuti musha weDovolnoe, uko vanhu vanenge zviuru zvinomwe vanogara. Zvinotendwa kuti yakatangwa muna 1703, kunyange zvazvo zuva iri kubvunzwa. Hasi kure nemusha kune sanatorium, iyo ndiyo nheyo mumunda wekurapa uye kudzivirira kwehutachiva hwemimba (yakavakwa muna 1965).

Kuybyshev: Novosibirsk region

Imwe yemaguta makuru, kunze kweNovosibirsk, funga Kuibyshev, uko vanenge 45 zviuru zvevanhu vanogara. Guta racho rakagadzwa muna 1722 senhare yehondo kubva mukurwiswa kwevanhu vakadanwa uye yakanzi Kainsk, zvinoreva "birch" kubva mumutauro weBarabinsk Tatars. Iko kare muna 1743, apo kereke yakavakwa, yakasarudzwa kushandisa ndima iyi sekugadzirisa, uye zvishoma nezvishoma yakawedzera. Muna 1935 guta racho rakanzizve Kuibyshev. Nharaunda yeNovosibirsk, yakashandurwa zvakare muna 1937, yakagamuchira guta iri, iro kwemakore mashoma rakashandura zita rayo kuKibyshevsk nekuKibibhehevo, asi pakupedzisira zvose zvakadzokera kuhuwandu hwekutanga.

Kwenguva yemakore anopfuura makumi masere, zvikoro zvidzidzo zvepamusoro uye masangano akavakwa, nyama yekugadzira nyama, distillery, yakasimbiswa krete yemagetsi efekitari uye fekitari yevashandi yakavhurwa.

Zvinyanya kukosha iChechi yeKuberekwa kwaJohane Mubhapatidzi, yakavakwa muna 1904, ndiyo chete yakapona mumakore eSoviet simba. Uyewo weAlex Lore Museum, iyo yakavhurwa muna 1988, uye mitunhu yakasiyana-siyana yemasangano.

Zvisikwa uye mamiriro ekunze

Nzvimbo yeNharaunda yeNovosibirsk yakakura zvikuru. Inowanikwa kuSiberia, asi ine mhepo yakanyanyisa, apo inopisa muzhizha uye kunotonhora munguva yechando. Hapana mazhenje asingashamisi, sezvinowanikwa munzvimbo dzakawanda dzeWestern and Eastern Siberia, asi imwe nguva yakagadzirirwa -51 °.

Chikamu chenharaunda yacho chakafukidzwa nemasango emisango (kuti ive yakarurama, 1/5), apo miti yemiti yakadaro sepaini, firi, misidhari, birch, uyewo mhuka uye makomo emakomo zvinokura. Iyo nzvimbo yakafuma mumaminerari, kusanganisira mafuta, marasha, mavara ane mavara, marble, ndarama.

Nzvimbo dzakakwirira dzeNovosibirsk munharaunda yeO ob uye Om, pamwe chete neNovosibirsk gadziro, kana, sezvinonziwo, Gungwa reOb.

Iyi nzvimbo iri kukwezva vatashanyi nehupenyu hwayo uye kuvapo kwezvitubu zvinopisa uye matope, izvo zvakazarura zvivako zvekare uye dzimba dzepamusoro, apo vanhu vanouya kuti vadzoke uye vadzoke.

The Economy

Nharaunda yeNaivosibirsk Region yakakura kana ichienzaniswa nenhau dzeWestern and Eastern Siberia, asi yakakura kudarika Denmark, Belgium, Netherlands neSwitzerland yakabatana, iyo inobvumira kuti iwedzere hupfumi hwayo munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, kubva kumabhizimisi kuenda kune zvekudyara.

Zvinotoshamisa ndezvokuti mari yakawanda inowanikwa kubva kumakambani emabasa, kubhadharwa kwema 60% emutengo wakawanda, 24% yebhizimisi uye 6-7% yekurima, izvo zvinoreva kuti kukura kwekutsvaga kwekune dzimwe nyika kuri kuwedzera, izvo zvinoratidza kukwezva kweruwa.

Nharaunda yacho yakafuma mumaminerari, uye pairi yakawanikwa 523 inosvika, inenge makumi mapfumbamwe emasere ikozvino inoshandiswa. Uyewo yakagadzirwa ndeyezvipfeki zvakadai semayuniki, makemikari uye masango, mashizha uye asingasviki metallurgy, uye kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvokuvaka.

Mukurima, vanobatanidzwa zvikuru mukuchera mombe, huku uye makwai, uyewo kukura firakiti fiber.

Chikamu chayo mukukudziridza kwenharaunda yacho yakakonzerwawo nemafuta uye magetsi ane simba semafuta nemafuta emarasha.

Maguta ese makuru eNovosibirsk anokonzera kukura kwenharaunda yacho. Kwete Novosibirsk chete iyo inonyanya yehupfumi hwose, asiwo Kuibyshev, Berdsk, uye Iskitim.

Infrastructure and administration

Kutungamirirwa kweruwa rweNovosibirsk rine kodzero yake yepamutemo uye yepamusoro, uye gavhuna ari pamusoro. Kwenguva dzose mushure mokuumbwa kweRussia Federation maiva nemagavhuna 5. Vakasarudzwa navanhu uye vakasarudzwa nemutungamiri mumakore akasiyana.

Iyi nharaunda yose yakakamurwa kuva masangano ehurumende, ayo anosanganisira maguta gumi nemashanu, kusanganisira 8 ezvo kugoverana kwenharaunda, nharaunda 30 dzekutungamira, misha 17 uye 428 misha yemadhorobha.

Nharaunda yeNovosibirsk imwe yezvikwata zvakasimudzika muWestern Siberia, kuburikidza nayo kune zvakakosha hubs dzokutakura, pane 11 zvikwata zvepamusoro (Tolmachevo inyika imwechete). Zvinokosha ndezvikepe zvechitima zvine urefu hwemasere anopfuura 1500 km.

Munhu wose anoziva kuti iyi ndiyowo nzvimbo ye sayenzi uye dzidzo, nekuvapo kweChikemgorodok, uko nzvimbo dzakawanda dzekutsvakurudza dziripo, iyo, zvechokwadi, inokurudzirwa nekutungamirirwa kweNovosibirsk. Izvi zvinokwezva vese vashandi vatsva vanoshanda ku yunivhesiti yehurumende, chikoro chefizikiki neyemathematics, mune imwe nyanzvi yefisikiliya yefisikiti, pakati pe virology uye biotechnology uye mune dzimwe masayenzi ezvesayenzi.