Nheyo Laser chiito: ine Laser

Murayiro wokutanga zviito Laser, iyo inobva wefizikisi nemwaranzi mutemo Planck waMwari, mune dzidziso, Einstein muna 1917 akaruramiswa. Iye kundorondedzera Absorção de Água, kwatangwa uye kwakamutsa remagetsi nemwaranzi kushandisa mukana coefficients (Einstein coefficients).

trailblazers

Teodor Meyman ndiye akatanga kuratidza musimboti chiito ane nesadhio Laser, inobva Manyiminya kupomba uchishandisa nokupenya rambi chakaita zvokugadzirwa nesadhio, zvinowanisa mashoko coherent nemwaranzi ane wavelength ane 694 nm.

Muna 1960, Zimbabwe masayendisiti naJavhani Bennett akasika wokutanga gasi lasers vachishandisa wemisanganiswa pamusoro Iye Ne magasi ari nhamba 1:10.

Muna 1962, R. N. Hall anoita yokutanga diode Laser yakagadzirwa gallium arsenide (GaAs), emitting vari wavelength kuti 850 nm. Gare gare gore iroro, Nick Golonyak akakurukura wokutanga semiconductor quantum jenareta chiedza zvinooneka.

Kweguyo nheyo lasers

Mumwe Laser hurongwa rinosanganisira chinoshingaira svikiro optically wakaiswa pakati peya yakafanana uye zvikuru nokufungisisa nezvionioni, rimwe riri translucent, uye simba mabviro kupomba nayo. Sezvo pfuma svikiro rinogona kuita se yakasimba, mvura kana gasi, izvo anokwanisa kutsigira amplitude chechiedza chinozunguzirwa nepariri nechomukati chete nemagetsi kana Manyiminya kupomba nemwaranzi. The fuma anoiswa pakati peya nezvionioni zvokuti chiedza airatidza panguva navo nguva imwe neimwe ichipfuura uye wakati asvika kuwedzera, chinopinda hafu girazi.

duplex zvakatipoteredza

Funga nheyo Laser chiito pamwe chinoshingaira svikiro vane maatomu maviri chete simba yomuropa: E kufara E ₂ uye chawo _1. Kana maatomu vachishandisa chero kupomba mashandiro (Manyiminya, yemagetsi zvinoyerera kuitika kana transmittance Erekitironi bombardment) vari kufara kuti hurumende E _2, mune nanoseconds shoma vanodzokera inokosha nzvimbo, zvichiratidza simba photons hν = E ₂ - E _1. Maererano Einstein pfungwa, nyaya unoitwa mbiri dzakasiyana: kana nayo anonyengetedzwa pedyo photon, kana zvinoitika nomuzvarirwo. In aimbova nyaya, dzinovhurika achine kunoitika uye yechipiri - kwatangwa. Panguva chafariz zvakanyatsoenzana, kuti ndingangokuvara dzinovhurika achine dererei zvikuru kupfuura kwatangwa (1:10 ^33), saka kuti vakawanda kwakajairika incoherent chiedza manyuko, uye lasing zvinogoneka mune mumwe pane chafariz zvakanyatsoenzana ezvinhu.

Kunyange ane simba chaizvo kupomba vemo-pamwero gadziriro chete anogona kuenzaniswa. Saka kuti vabudirire yevagari inversion Manyiminya kupomba kana dzimwe nzira vanoda mashanu kana mana-pamwero enyika.

multi-chechetere hurongwa

Chii nheyo yacho-chechetere matatu Laser? zvikuru chiedza Irradiation frequencies ν ₀₂ pumps kukwira vakawanda maatomu pagomba rakadzika simba pamwero E ₀ uye E ₂ rokumusoro. Radiationless Kuchinja kwemaatomu vane E ₂ E ₁ anovamba yevagari inversion pakati E ₁ uye E ₀ kuti, muna tsika inobvira chete kana maatomu vari refu nguva mune imwe metastable ezvinhu E _1, uye kuchinja kubva E ₁ kusvika E ₂ kunoitika nokukurumidza. The uchishandisa nhungamiro ine-pamwero matatu Laser zviri izvi zvinhu, saka kuti pakati E ₀ uye E _1, yevagari inversion kunoitwa uye yakakura photon simba E ₁ -CA ₀ dzinovhurika womumwe. Wider chechetere E ₂ aigona kuwedzera Absorção de Água wavelength siyana kuti zvakanyanya kupomba, zvichiguma kukura dzinovhurika womumwe.

Three-pamwero hurongwa kunoda yakakwirira chaizvo kupomba simba kubva rapazasi sandara, zvinobatanidzwa parudzi, ndiko nechimwe. Muchiitiko chino, kuti hwevanhu inversion rakauya kuna hurumende E ₁ kuti pumped kupfuura hafu uwandu maatomu. Panyaya iyi, simba zvaparadzwa. The pombi simba inogona kuderedzwa zvikuru kana rezasi lasing pamwero haisi nechigadziko, chinoda kanenge mana yakati hurongwa.

Zvichienderana yezviri fuma, asi lasers dzinoiswa kupinda zvitatu zvinokosha mhando, zvinoti zvikukutu, mvura uye gasi. Kubvira 1958, apo chizvarwa yokutanga kuchengetwa nesadhio rekristaro, vasayendisiti uye vanotsvakurudza vakadzidza zvakawanda zvinhu mu woga woga.

hwakasimba-mamiriro Laser

The oparesheni kunobva pakushandisa chinoshingaira svikiro iyo achiumbwa nokuwedzera insulating sekristaro yekamuri Kuchinja simbi (Ti ^+3, Kr ^+3, V ^+2, Co ^+2, Ni ^+2, Fe ^+2, uye zvichingodaro. D.) , rova pasi ions (Ce ^+3, Zvi ^+3, Nd ^+3, pm ^+3, Small ^+2, Eu ^{+ 2, + 3,} Tb ^+3, Dy ^+3, Ho ^+3, Eri ^+3, yb ⁺³ , et unto.), uye actinides akadai U ^+3. The simba kwevari pakati ions dzaitungamirira chete Chizvarwa. ehupfumi Zvokunyama zvitsigiro zvinhu, zvakadai chafariz conductivity uye chafariz kuwedzera zvakakosha kuti vakarongeka nokushanda Laser. Location yekamuri kwemaatomu dzakapoteredza doped Ion inoshanduka wake simba mumatunhu. Siyana urefu generating mafungu rinoita svikiro kubatsirwa ne doping mabhuku akasiyana-siyana munyika iyoyo Ion.

Holmium Laser

Muenzaniso yakasimba-hurumende Laser chinhu quantum jenareta, sezvamakaropafadzwa holmium atomu unotsiva nechepasi zvinhu pamusoro sekristaro napamahwindo. Ho: YAG ndomumwe yakanakisisa lasing zvinhu. The uchishandisa nheyo holmium Laser ndechokuti yttrium aruminiyamu Garnet doped pamwe holmium ions, optically pumped ichionekwawo rambi inongorira panguva wavelength pakati 2097 nm ari michini siyana zvakanaka yokuita zvinoitwa munyama. Shandisa Laser izvi akavhiyiwa pamusoro majoini, mazino kurapwa, kuti vaporize masero kenza, itsvo uye matombo omunduru.

A semiconductor quantum jenareta

Quantum tsime lasers vari isingadhuri, kubvumira vakawanda kugadzirwa uye vari nyore scalable. The kushanda nhungamiro yacho semiconductor Laser kunobva pakushandisa PN-diode Junction, unobereka chiedza imwe wavelength kubudikidza recombination uyo akaendesa pane zvakanaka kutsvetera, kufanana LEDs. Akatungamirira emit nomuzvarirwo uye Laser diodes - compulsively. Kuzadzisa mamiriro hwevanhu inversion, kuti uchishandisa razvino akapfuudza chikumbaridzo. The kushingaira svikiro iri semiconductor diode ane maonero kubatana nharaunda vaviri-dimensional akaturikidzana.

Nheyo kushanda kwaiita Laser ndechokuti kuramba oscillations hapana girazi kwokunze kunodiwa. The tichifungisisa nemano, akasikwa nokuda kune refractive indekisi akaturikidzana uye munyika kuratidzwa vanoshingaira svikiro, kwakakwanira chinangwa ichi. Mugumo hukawanika anamatire diodes kuti anopa kufanana kuratidza hukawanika.

Mukomboni inoumbwa ne semiconductor zvinhu zvakafanana mhando anonzi homojunction, sezvo dzakatangwa unobatanidza zviviri zvakasiyana - heterojunction.

Semiconductors kuti peji uye N mhando rurefu arambe achirema kuti vatakuri dzinoumba S.-N-mhesano ane mutete chaizvo (≈1 mm) kwezvinoshandiswa rukoko.

gasi Laser

Nheyo kushanda uye kushandisa kwaiita Laser runoita kuti pave mano chero tinokwanisa (kubva milliwatts kusvika megawatts) uye wavelengths (kubva ultraviolet kuti michini) uye anogona kushanda mune pulsed uye chinopfuurira modes. Inobva hunhu yezviri nevezvenhau, pane mhando nhatu gasi lasers, zvinoti mabhomba, Ionic uye samolecular.

Most gasi lasers pumped ne yemagetsi buditsa. Maerekitironi mu zvinoyerera chubhu vari nokukurumidza nokuda yemagetsi munda pakati electrodes. Ivo dhumhana pamwe maatomu, ions kana mamorekuru ane basa svikiro uye kunyengedza yezwi yakakwirira simba nhanho kuti vabudirire mumamiriro hwevanhu inversion uye vakurudzira womumwe.

samolecular Laser

Nheyo Laser chiito inobva pakuti, kusiyana yoga maatomu uye ions mune mabhomba naIon lasers mamorekuru nhaka wakafara simba mapoka discrete simba siyana. Uyezve, mumwe Erekitironi simba pamwero ane vakawanda vibrational siyana, uye avo vari ngaadudzire - mashoma rotational.

The simba pakati Erekitironi simba mumatunhu ari UV uye anooneka kumatunhu ari chakarondedzera, apo pakati vibrational-rotational nhanho - iri kure uye pedo michini kumatunhu. Saka, vakawanda samolecular lasers kushanda kure kana pedo-michini kumatunhu.

excimer lasers

Excimers vari Morekuru akadai ArF, KrF, XeCl, izvo akakamurwa yakatsiga pasi pehurumende uye wokutanga chechetere. Nheyo nokushanda Laser inotevera. Kazhinji, nhamba iri pasi mamiriro mamorekuru iri diki, saka zvakananga kupomba kubva pasi wehurumende hazvibviri. The mamorekuru akaumba pakutanga kufara yemagetsi nezviripo remubatanidzwa ane mukuru simba halides pamwe inert magasi. Vagari inversion kunoitwa nyore kubva nhamba mamorekuru panguva inokosha pamwero iri pasi, zvichienzaniswa kufara. Musimboti Laser chiito, muna pfupi, kuti kuchinja kubva akasungwa kufara yemagetsi hurumende kuti pasi pehurumende dissociative. The Vagari pasi wehurumende anogara yakaderera pamwero, nekuti panguva iyi Morekuru dissociate kupinda maatomu.

The midziyo uye lasers musimboti kunoratidzwa kuti zvinoyerera chubhu yakazara musanganiswa halide (F ₂₎ uye isingawanzowanikwi gasi (Ar). Maerekitironi mairi dissociate uye ionize kuti halide mamorekuru nokusika kunaka ions. Positive ions Ar ⁺ uye kunaka F ^- sei uye zvibereko ArF mamorekuru rokutanga kufara mamiriro chokuita haizopereri yezwi nechigadziko hurumende inoodza uye chizvarwa coherent mwaranzi. Excimer Laser, nheyo chiito uye kushandiswa yatiri kukurukura, aigona kushandiswa nokuda kupomba yezviri svikiro iri dhayi.

mvura Laser

Zvichienzaniswa nezvishoma, mvura zvakawanda homogeneous uye vane wakakwirira arambe achirema pamusoro vanoshingaira maatomu, tichienzanisa magasi. Kuwedzera ichi, havana kuoma kugadzira, achibvumira chete bvisa kupisa uye hunogona kungoparara kutsiviwa. Nheyo zviito Laser rinoshandiswa senzira pfuma svikiro dhayi yepepuru makemikari, akadai DCM (4-dicyanomethylene-2-methyl-6-p- dimethylaminostyryl-4h-pyran), rhodamine, styryl, LDS, coumarin, stilbene, uye zvakafanana. D ., zvazvichanyungudutswa kwakakodzera solvent. A mhinduro yacho dhayi mamorekuru iri kunakidzwa nemwaranzi ane wavelength ane yakanaka Absorção de Água coefficient. Musimboti Laser chiito, muna pfupi, kuti vaunze mumwe refu wavelength, inonzi fluorescence. Kusiyana simba takabatikana uye chaibwinya photons vaishandisa nonradiative simba kuchinja uye rinopisa hurongwa.

Yakakura bhendi fluorescence emura lasers ane rakasiyana chinhu - wavelength Tuning. Nheyo kushanda uye kushandisa ichi mhando sechinhu tunable Laser uye coherent chiedza tsime, ari kuramba kukosha Spectroscopy, holography, uye anorapa achishandisa mitemo mafomu.

Nguva ichangopfuura, lasers zvave kushandiswa dhayi kuti isotope kuparadzana. Panyaya iyi, iyo Laser zvokusarudza fadza mumwe wavo, zvichiita kutanga makemikari maitiro.