Nokusingagumi chisazitasingwi: mitemo uye kunze

Narini chisazitasingwi inotaura hainyatsozivikanwi kana zvisingazivikanwi rairehwa (chinhu, munhu) kana iri pfuma yake. zvisazitasingwi izvi zvinosanganisira: chinhu, mumwe munhu, chinhu, munhu, chinhu, munhu, etc. Vari aumba kubva interrogative zvisazitasingwi, uye asiri kushandiswa inonyaradza, uye postfix -kureva lehmä. , someday.-kana. Somuenzaniso, mumwe munhu - munhu, mumwe munhu, mumwe munhu, mumwe munhu; apo - kumwe, someplace, imwe nzvimbo, pose; zvikuru sei - zvikuru sei vashoma, zvimwe kana zvishoma.

Kupatsanura pahwaro isingagumi zvisazitasingwi Reference

Saka, nokusingagumi zvisazitasingwi mumutauro Russian akakamurwa:

• Reference - pfungwa kune imwe chinhu kuti chiri chokwadi (lehmä-zvino, chinhu, munhu). Uyewo, bhuku chisazita inogona kupatsanurwa maererano kuvazivisa kana zvisingazivikanwi kuti makirasi maviri:
  
  1) havaratidzi kunorondedzerwa zvisazitasingwi - zvinoshandiswa ezvinhu apo mutauri rinozivikanwa chinhu, asi panguva imwe chete, regai kufunga kuti inozivikanwa kuti muteereri (imwe lehmä, mumwe-ipapo ukoshi lehmä) (somuenzaniso: ndichakuudza mumwe muchivande);
  
  2) Kusava nechokwadi zvisazitasingwi - anoshandiswa kuratidza asingazivikanwi chinhu mutauri (ari zvisazitasingwi -kuti) (somuenzaniso: By akauya Ivan munhu).
• Non-referential - kunoratidza unfixed kutaurwa chinhu (chero waiva-kana, rimwe zuva) (somuenzaniso: I vanofanira kunyengetera kuti mumwe munhu).

Zvisazitasingwi prefixed pamwe nevasiri

Ava: mumwe, vamwe, vamwe, chinhu. The vaviri rokutanga zvisazitasingwi ichiratidza mbiri, panotaurwa kuti asingazivikanwi mukurukuri uye anonzwa. Zvikasadaro havana kunzi sezvinotevera: nokusingagumi zvisazitasingwi. Vaitaura vanogona akagadzira saka:

• Kwandiri House akasvika jaya rakapfeka nguvo chena.
• The imba akauya mudzidzisi wangu, munhu Ivasjuk, anoshamisa mudzidzisi uye munhu.

Uyewo pane dzino zvisazitasingwi dzimwe nguva inoshandiswa kuratidza introduktivnoy basa, kureva. E. For pakusuma pakutanga mashoko matsva kutaurwa uye mamiriro ezvinhu. Somuenzaniso:

• In umambo ...

Chinhu, munhu, mune zvimwe zviitiko vanogona kuratidza asingazivikanwi mutauri. Izvi zvinoreva kuti achaita musiyano iri zvisazitasingwi -kuti. Somuenzaniso:

• Chinhu chena uye fluffy Zara uye akasvetuka pamusoro dondo glade.

Zvisazitasingwi musi -So

Narini chisazitasingwi kuna -Zvinotaurwa zvichiitirwa kuratidza asingazivikanwi uye bhuku mukurukuri:

• I akanyatsoteerera uye vakaziva kuti chaizvoizvo pane munhu muimba.

Uyewo ari zvisazitasingwi -kureva hazvigoni kushandiswa kumboda zvarinoreva, uye zvaanoreva rimwe zuva;

• Mumwe zvino anofanira kuramba ari pabasa.

Mukuwedzera, dzinotevedzana pasi -So introduktivnuyu anogona kuita mashandiro:

• Vamwe mudzidzi-nyanzvi akanyora bhodhi rokunyorera upenzi ichi.

Zvisazitasingwi kuti nerimwe zuva

Kukosha non-referential chisazitasingwi kunotemwa pachishandiswa chaiyo kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro zvinhu uye akapoteredza mhando apo zvisazitasingwi kushandiswa.

Chisazitasingwi kuti rimwe zuva zvinoratidza kuti munhu anoonekwa rinogona kutsiva (zvichiita) pomumwe. Kureva, muchiitiko ichi, zvinoreva akapoteredza "kure-mafungiro." kuti kumashure uku anogona kuitika:

• kana pane mamiriro ezvinhu akataura remangwana;
• kana paiva mamiriro ezvinhu, imwe nzira, kunyange akataura chipo kana kare;
• kushandisa chechinyorwa Distributivity.

Saka, funga izvi zvose zvizere. Muchiitiko chokutanga, ane narini chisazitasingwi kuti rimwe zuva kushandiswa:

• zvivakamutauro nguva yemberi (iye achatungamirira mimwe mienzaniso, vachagara kusangana kumwe);
• Installation ramangwana, kusanganisira zvikumbiro (Irina anoda kuenda kumwe, Vladimir vachitsvaka chinhu chinonakidza kwamuri, anobvunza iye chinhu kunyora);
• nokuti inotodiwa (kunze akapoteredza kutaura chiito kubvumirana, kunyange yakaronga) (Imbai chinhu, iwe tiudze chii chero ndima ndikurumidze kukopa firimu);
• modality nezvaanogona kana zvakafanira (zvinogona (inofanira) munhu kuzoshevedza kunge munhu udza; unofanira munhu kuzodana);
• SUBJUNCTIVE, oplativa (zvakanaka iye akaunza chokunwa, ndaida haangamubatsiri);
• kuona nangananga (kuitira kuti vaite chimwe chinhu, tinoda mari).

Kana yechipiri, chisazita rakashandiswa okuti:

• (Un) chokwadi, anofungidzirwa (I chokwadi kuti zviri kuita chinhu, regai kufunga havazivi chinhu pamusoro pazvo, chinoshamisa kuti vakawana chinhu, iye kashoma pose kusiya; pachena naro munhu ndakadana; kana vaakarera chinhu (nezuro));
• mubvunzo (uyewo isina mhinduro) mubvunzo zvekungofungira (Mumwe anonzi Ko munhu chinhu chokwadi kuti ichi ichokwadi?);
• disjunction (vakatora pamwe Alain kana shamwari dzake);
• mamiriro (kana chinhu chakavanzika, ivo wabhadharwa);
• epistimicheskoy modality (munhu aigona kumukuvadza);
• yokuramba subordinating predication (havafungi kuti vanofanira kuchinja chinhu).

Nokuti kana yechitatu kumbotipa mienzaniso yakadaro: Mumwe nomumwe kutungamirira munhu naye.

Interrogative zvisazitasingwi, nokusingagumi kwokugara mabasa

Manhenda nemanyorerwo mune dzimwe pamaziviro anogona kusiyiwa. Ngatienzanisei kushandiswa nokusingagumi zvisazitasingwi mune mibvunzo isina kunanga, uye ndokunge clauses:

Kunanga mubvunzo :

• Akafunga uye ndakafunga, uye achiri kudana - kuziva kana zvaunoda.
• Kubva pakona ziso rake akaedza kuona kana paine munhu pedyo muchina.

Ndokunge mutongo :

• Kana chinhu chinobatsira zvikaitika - vachafara.
• Kana munhu auya, kuvheneka munyoro mwenje.

Nokusingagumi zvisazitasingwi okuti

Kuwedzera kune izvi zvetsika nokusingagumi zvisazitasingwi, ivo zvinosanganisirawo:

• Reduplicated chisazitasingwi: kumwe apo munhu (Ndiani-ani, uye iye asingagoni kuziva).
• Zvisazitasingwi inobva indekisi ine formant -kureva (saka nokudaro, pane chinhu, nekuti chinhu, etc.) (Zvadaro chimwe chinhu uye ipapo chinhu unogona kuita kuti kuedza).
• Mamwe mazwi Kuva dzakasiyana-siyana rwokutaura, vashumire bhuku hainyatsozivikanwi: napodobii wemishonga rimwe kana rimwe; Adjectives vakazivisa rinotsanangurwa; nhamba imwe.
• Pronominal dzakabatana kuva prepositive zvinoriumba "amalgam" - chisazita zvakagadzirwa ichiwanikwa spusinga, dunno-mhando: Handizivi ani (regai) zviri pachena kuti hapana munhu anoziva kana, handiyeuki uyewo vamwe.
• Pronominal dzakabatana ane postpositive zvinoriumba "kvazirelyativy" - pronominal constructs ane hwaro peakless hama clauses: kwese, sezvo chido, ani zvake kuti chaunoda, uye zvichingodaro ..

Negative uye nokusingagumi zvisazitasingwi

Pakutanga takati kuti nokusingagumi zvisazitasingwi vari aumba kubva interrogative navamwe prefixes uye postfix. Asi kunze kwavari, kubva interrogative chimiro uye zvinogona kunaka zvisazitasingwi, nguva chete ichi achibatsirwa prefixes akadai vasiri - ni- uye apo - pane hapana zvakawanda - kwete zvachose, uyo - kwete, kana - nokusingaperi, etc ..

Mukuwedzera, kunaka uye nokusingagumi zvisazitasingwi vane chimwe chinhu chakafanana: dzavo syntactic uye morphological unhu uwirirane avo uye nevaya kubva yavari kuumbwa, kureva kubva interrogative.

Zvisazitasingwi nezvisingafadzi polarization

Govera nokusingagumi zvisazitasingwi, inozivikanwa kunaka polarizations. Idzi dzinosanganisira: zvose uye vachipedzisira-kana. Nemamwe mashoko tingati avanotarisira kuva asina chechinyorwa. Muchiitiko chino, vanogona kutsiviwa mune zvimwe zvirevo kunaka zvisazitasingwi. Somuenzaniso:

• Handina kumboona chinhu (nokusingagumi chisazitasingwi) nemishonga kwavo nzira youpenyu.

Pachinzvimbo zvichibvira kushandisa chero mhando zvose. Uyewo, zvisazitasingwi izvi zvinogona kutsiviwa pasina kunaka. Kana ichi:

• Handidi kuchinja chinhu / handidi kuchinja chinhu.

Zvinokosha kutaura chimwe Kusara: kana negation inoshandiswa huru acho, ari pasi acho anogona chete kana zvikasadaro kushandiswa - sezvo hazvibviri kana, - akaipa chisazita. Somuenzaniso:

• Hazvizivikanwi kuti bhuku rino nokusingaperi (asi kwete haana) kuitwa.

Chiperengo kunaka uye nokusingagumi zvisazitasingwi

Unogona kusarudza mhando izvi mitemo kunyora zvisazitasingwi izvi:

• kushandisa nezvimedu uye kwete chinhu;
• vakaparadzana uye fused nezvimedu havasi kunyora uye kwete zvisazitasingwi;
• defisnoe chiperengo zvisazitasingwi.

saka:

• The PARTICIPLE haisi rakanyorwa chinhu madudziro emazwi, uye hapana - kwete mupfungwa (hapana, mumwe, hapana, chinhu, zvishoma, kwete zvachose, hapana, hapana, chinhu, hapana).
• Kana pasina pembedzo, zvacho regai uye kunyange rinyorwe sezvo shoko rimwe (kwete, vashoma, chinhu kuti hapana, kwete, kwete), uye kana iripo vachiravana, pamusoro chokumupomera ichi vanofanira kumira pakati zvacho uye zvisazitasingwi (mu hapana, hapana, kuti chinhu, kuti hapana). Saka, tinowana mubatanidzwa rine mashoko matatu.
• Chiperengo nokusingagumi zvisazitasingwi ndechokuti anosanganisira chivakashure lehmä uye suffixes rimwe zuva-zvino, zvinokosha-kana hyphenate.
• Mitsara hapana chimwezve (zvimwe), sezvo mumwe (mumwe) haisi akanyorerwa PARTICIPLE, uye vachiravana pamberi zvacho sezvo akaparadzaniswa kwaro asipo. Zvisazitasingwi hapana uye hapana chinofanira kunyorwa maererano zvavo mitemo, kureva pasina kushushikana uye pasina rokuti kana PARTICIPLE tinonyora, uye chisazitasingwi pamwe (chinhu (vamwe), hapana mumwe (dzimwe)).
• Ari pamusoro zvirevo kushorwa kungaratidzwa kwete chete nokuda Union uyewo asi kuti vanofanira zvinotangira anofambidzana izvi (nyaya akaudza kwaari sekuru vake, uye hapana mumwe). Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti izvi zvimwe mubatanidzwa negation muna mutongo haachazovipo.
• Kana mashoko hapana mumwe (vamwe), hapana chimwezve (vamwe), vari kushandiswa chokuita nokushorwa, sezvo ari mutongo, apo pane kuramba (Hapana chimwe zviri nani kuti urege kuita), uye zvikuru kashoma ari mutongo pasina vachiramba (chete anoita uye hapana mumwe munhu). Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti PARTICIPLE upi wemishonga nemashoko akanyorwa kuti zvisazitasingwi pamwechete.

Sezvinogona kuoneka, chiperengo zvakaipa uye nokusingagumi zvisazitasingwi rine mitemo zvakarurama nyore uye vamwe anosiyiwa kwavari. Naizvozvo, kana zvakanaka kunzwisisa nyaya, matambudziko zvakarurama chiperengo uye kushandisa zvisazitasingwi izvi hazvifaniri kuva. Uye vaya vanodzidza Chirungu, nokusingagumi zvisazitasingwi havafaniri kukonzera chero matambudziko, nokuti vanoshandisa mitemo akafanana nevaya mumutauro weRussia.

Mienzaniso nemitemo Chirungu

Funga sei kushandisa rakajairika nokusingagumi zvisazitasingwi. Chirungu Izvi zvinosanganisira :. Any, chinhu, munhu, mumwe munhu, chinhu, munhu, ani zvake, etc. Saka:

• chokutanga chisazitasingwi kakawanda kushandiswa mitsetse pamwe yakajeka Paakaramba, zvakakwana Paakaramba, uyewo nyaya;
• Zvinotevera zvitatu zvinoshandiswa kutsigira mitsara iri nyaya chinhu;
• okupedzisira matatu anoshandiswa mune kunaka mutongo; ari mukuru mubvunzo; mune zvinodiwa mutongo; sokukumbira uye kunaka mitongo, kana chisazita inoshandiswa kureva "chero, mumwe".