History of Peter uye Paul Nhare St. Petersburg

Rare vashanyi guta riri Neva haana kushanyira Museum of History of St. Petersburg muna Petro Paul Fortress. Ikoko girenayiti bastions ndakadaro nyaya yokuberekwa kuchamhembe guru reRussia, nzvimbo iyo, iri chirongwa Petra Velikogo, aiva wenhare, inomirira simba uye impregnability simba akasikwa nayo.

Nhare - the brainchild raPetro I

History of Peter uye Paul Fortress ari zvakabatana chaizvo pamwe Northern War, iyo Russia uye Sweden yaiva munguva 1700-1721. Somugumisiro, vakawanda kubudirira nemauto mabasa 1703 akakwanisa torazve Neva nyika, uye nokuda kwavo kudzivirira zvaida yakavimbika nhare yakavakwa dzose nemitemo nhare nesayenzi makore iwayo. kuvaka Its zvinonyanya zvakakodzera kuti yekare Nienschanz nhare, riri pamusoro confluence of Okhta uye Neva rwizi, vaiona insufficiently hwakavimbika.

Kubva magwaro hwakawanda huripo tinoziva kuti nzvimbo nokuda dzavarwi itsva pachake akasarudza Peter I. Kuti ichi magumo, May 8, 1703, wakati amutsvaka pamhenderekedzo Neva pamwe Aleksandrom Danilovichem Menshikovym uye injiniya French Joseph Gaspar Lambert of Guerin. Selection Changamire yakawira Rabbit chitsuwa, riri pasuo widest chikamu pamuromo Neva, uye kuva yakakodzera kukura kuva - 750 metres urefu uye vanenge 360 M pahupamhi.

Nhoroondo nhare inotanga 16 (27) May 1703, musi kana rakaitwa bogmærke. Pasinei nokuti Castle yakavakwa kwete kutanga raPetro I, asiwo mabasa ayo vakaurayiwa anorenda pamwe Lambert of Guerin, mambo pachake pane chiitiko ichi rinokosha akanga asipo. Maererano enhoroondo makore iwayo, akanga ari Olonets shipyard, riri riri kumabvazuva kweLake Ladoga, uye kutanga basa musi Hare Island akatungamirira A. D. Menshikov.

Nhasi ndiro zuva apo Petro Paul Fortress, kuonekwa zuva rokuberekwa St. Petersburg rakaumbwa, asi vashoma vanoziva kuti yepakutanga ayo kuvaka yakatevera zvinangwa evasingatombonamati mauto, uye pasi kumativi guta guru idzva ehurumende haina kufanira. Chete gare gare akaita zviitiko zviviri chokuita nomumwe nomumwe, saka kuti Pushkin kuti "kuchava guta akaisa 'kuuya Kesari musoro zvishoma kwapera kupfuura pakutanga kwezvisikwa simba dzakavakirirwa bastions.

Kuvakwa hari nhare

Sezvinogona kuoneka kubva munhau pakuvaka nhare, zvakanga Pakutanga remuti-pasi, asi, pasinei ichi, vari mberi panguva nhare, zvinosanganisira 6 bastions, chimwe nechimwe chiri simba shanu-mativi nhare chakavakwa panguva makona nhare norusvingo.

Wozoita namasvingo (keteni masvingo) dzakavakwa 2 Ravelin - hombe kuvakwa. Chinangwa chavo chaiva kufukidza-masvingo kubva atirari moto uye muvengi dambudziko kurwisa. Rakanga rakavakwa sezvo Kronverk - rutsigiro chokunze Yamuro yakagadzirirwa kudzivirira mberi nhare, uye kuti pave bridgehead kune imwe pakaunda.

Petro Paul Fortress rakadzikwa maoko masoja Russian uye vasungwa yeSweden. Mukuwedzera, mambo chirevo chimwe nechimwe dunhu anotumira imwe nhamba serf. Heavy kushanda mamiriro muchando uye nyorova okunze, kuBaltic akava chikonzero kuti mazana kusazivikanwa vavaki nokusingaperi akasiya akarara mumakuva avo, akafukidza marshy pamhenderekedzo Neva. Vakatsiviwa batch vatsva vanosvika kushanda vanhu, pamusoro mapfupa iyo akakura nhare masvingo, uye akamuka kubva yerima Masango guru roumambo kukuru.

Senior kuvakwa nevatungamiri

Zvakachengetedzwa zvinyorwa chokuita nhoroondo Petro Paul Nhare St. Petersburg, kunoratidza kuti kuvakwa bastions ayo pachake akatarisira mambo, uye vashanu yepedyo ake, mazita vakazopedzisira vakadanwa. Saka, kuti pakudengenyeka notation Troubetzkoy nhare Changamire, Menshikov, Naryshkin, Zotov uye Golovkin.

Pakarepo ndinofanira kutaura kuti Peter I chete akatora mugove Changamire kuti nhare Tab, uye zvose basa hwakazotevera ipapo raitungamirirwa mwanakomana wake - Tsarevich Aleksey uye A. D. Menshikov. Chishamiso ndechokuti vamwe nevatungamiri, pasinei netsika Russian kwete chete haana kuda mari pane bhizimisi avakapiwa, asi kakawanda kacho, pachavo akafukidza operative zvekushandisa.

Chronicle kuti zvimwe zviitiko

Nhoroondo nhare runoratidzwa vanoverengeka blunders akaita panguva nepurani yayo. Mumwe wavo yasvika kuchiedza kunyange pamberi October 1st, 1703 basa rokuvaka yevhu masvingo apera. Somugumisiro zvikuru mafashamo kuti kwakaitika musi August 30, mvura, achifumira kusvika 2,5 metres, akazadzwa mu Rabbit Island, akashamba vakagadzirira akagadzirwa zvivakwa akawanda. Chiitiko ichi kamwe zvakare akaratidza kudiwa kuvaka ibwe munhare.

Muzhizha 1703 pakanga chimwe chiitiko chinokosha, ndiro chokwadi kuziva wose akashanyira Museum of History of St. Petersburg muna Petro Paul Fortress musi June 29 (July 12) iri munharaunda yayo paiva pakuzvichenesa kwenheyo Petro Paul Cathedral - ipapo achiri chechi duku yemapuranga. Ndokutumidza zita wenhare chakavakwa, uye gare gare guta rinonzi riri chiDutch manyorerwo - "St. Peter-Burj". Saka, musi June 29th anogona kunzi zita-zuva guta riri Neva.

Mugore iroro paivawo vaJohani Bridge, unobatanidza Rabbit Island pamwe chete Petrograd divi, kunyange mumazuva iwayo yaiva namaapuro anoverengeka akabatanidzwa pamwechete matanda. By kuwa kusvika wakakwana kupikidura miseve yakaiswa Ezvemutauro. Ndivo vaiva simbi uye mhangura pfuti sezvo atora akabatwa kubva Swedish uye mudzimba castings akaita armourers Novgorod. Panguva iyo mambo uye vakagadza commandant wakakombwa wokutanga. rukudzo urwu akapiwa mumwe shamwari dzake dzapedyo - the Estonian wamambo, Colonel Karl-Ewald of Rennes.

Tanga lining nhare girenayiti

Muna 1705 vakatanga Danho idzva munhoroondo wakakombwa. Kamwe akavaka earthworks zvose, uye nokudaro mukana kuratidza zvichibvira kurwisa yeSweden, Peter Ndakasarudza kugadzirisa mune ibwe. Drafting itsva munhare uye kutarisira mabasa vakachengeteswa Italian mavambo Swiss - chinoshamisa mapurani uye injiniya nguva yake Domenico Andrea Trezzini.

Kuti pave urongwa nemimba mimwezve panning nharaunda Hare Island akanga akatakurwa achibudiswa kunze, zvichiguma upamhi wayo yakawedzera mamita 30. Mabasa zvakatanga pakutanga May 1706, uye akatanga navo kugadzirisa Menshikov nhare, sezvakaitwa pangozi, aikwanisa kutendeuka kubva kuva pangozi zvikuru. Mukuita okuvaka wemiti vekare vave rakaparadzwa, uye vakaenda pasi podsypku chitsuwa.

Wapanyika, maererano basa idzva, chete crownwork akaramba - negadziriro masvingo, tichitarisa yokumiririra korona ( "korona" - korona, "Werk" - nhare) riri kuchamhembe chikamu chacho uye akagadzirirwa kuchengetedza pamusoro zvaibvira kurwisa nyika. Kubva Zvino zita Kronverskogo chekubuda raiparadzanisa Rabbit Island kubva Petrograd Side.

Nhare, izvo haana kuziva Russian

By 1708 ari girenayiti vakapfeka Menshikov uye Golovkin bastions, uyewo pedyo keteni (wall) uye magazini upfu. Panguva iyoyowo kuvakwa yemauto uye wesuwo yaPetro, akavaka, maererano nokurayira mambo pamusoro muenzaniso Narva.

About kuti, sei simba zvakanga wenhare, yakavakwa pamusoro Hare Island, maererano zvinyorwa wataurwa Museum nhoroondo wakakombwa. Muchidimbu uchitsanangura kugutsikana, tinongoenda dzinoti kuti Russia iri mhando nhare yaiva zvachose itsva.

Zvakakwana kutaura kuti pakukora wakakombwa masvingo yakasvika 20 metres uye kukwirira 12 m. Kuti asimbise nezvigadziko zvadzo muvhu yakanga scored 40 zviuru. Achiunganidza. Mumwe nhare yavo firepower, izvo akapa anenge 60 pfuti. The Curtin - masvingo pakati bastions, akaisa boka ravarwi yemauto uye casemates kuchengeta mumatanda ose gunpowder.

Vasina kukanganwika uye zvakavanzika tikurukure pamwe kunze nyika. Kunyanya, pasi dzokunze zvivako vakachera tunnels kuti kumhara kunze nhare, uye masvingo aro chakavakwa, anonzi Paterna - nzvimbo yakagadzirwa kuti angoerekana nemasoja shure muvengi mitsetse. The outputs akaitwa pasi mumwe Zvidhinha zvepamusoro, rinozivikanwa chete akavimba vatariri.

Nhare, iyo yakava chinoumba muguta

Kukunda pamusoro yeSweden mumakore 1709-1710, vakauya rakasiyana pamwero nhoroondo wakakombwa. Kubvira panguva iyoyo iye wakamborasikirwa mauto ayo kukosha, uye pfuti akatasva panharirire ayo, kwatinhira chete mumazuva pamutemo mhemberero. Around munhare zvinoshamisa rapidity oonera guta vakagamuchira chinzvimbo guru mutsva Russian Empire, uye zita St. Petersburg vachikudza waro anorichengeta mutsvene St. Peter mupositori.

Kunyange asati yokupedzisira okuguma Northern Hondo Hare Island akatanga neDare, uye huru mujeri enyika yeRussia rakavambwa nokukurumidza. Izvi zvakafanana nhoroondo Tower uye nhare. Wenhare, yakavakwa pamahombekombe ari Thames, uyewo vakakwanisa kushumira, uye masvingo, uye muzinda uye mutorongo, uye pakupedzisira miziyamu.

Hazvina kuziva kuti wokutanga musungwa "Russian Bastille" - zita rakapiwa nawo yakafanira Chokwadi, aiva mwanakomana muvambi waro - Tsarevich Aleksey, akafa (vakaurayiwa kana muchivande) mu kwemamiriro 25 June 1718. Mapurani Trezzini akavaka pamusoro munharaunda majeri itsva chaiyo imba, iyo chaimbova Secret Chancellery. Iyewo pakati Naryshkin uye Trubetskoy nhare yakavakwa uye wokutanga Mint, kugara nzvimbo akakurumbira munhoroondo mari Russian pamusoro. Petro Paul Fortress, uyezve, rava nzvimbo mari vakanga yakagadzirwa kwete chete, asiwo mamiriro mibayiro.

Muna 1731 Naryshkin nhare korona Flag Tower, apo zuva akamutsa Russian mureza, uye makore maviri gare gare akapedza kuvakwa ibwe Petro Paul Cathedral, razova pamusoro nguva penzvimbo madzimambo Russian kuvigwa. Kufanana nezvimwe zvivako wakakombwa, yakanga yakavakwa pasi chirongwa uye pasi zvakananga pokudzora Domenico Trezzini. Mumakore 30 apfuura yava tsika kubereka chiratidzo masikati pena pamwe Naryshkin nhare zviri kuitika munguva yedu.

miziyamu ake kukosha uye Paul Fortress akava muna 1766, apo nharaunda yayo yakavakwa chivakwa neimba nayo muchikepe raPetro I, uyo akazova mambo pashure pokufa rimwe zvisaririra zvenhoroondo Russian. Pakupedzisira, sezvo yakatarwa nhare nevamwe kumugumo 80s, pakwakanga mudungwe pamwe girenayiti uye akavaka Marina uye Commandant Narva Gate rakapera.

Vasungwa "Russian Bastille"

Munhoroondo Russian Peter uye Paul Nhare St. Petersburg, akauya ainyanya sezvo mujeri enyika. Zvakanga ataurwa pamusoro kuti musungwa Tsarevich yokutanga Alexei Petrovich. Zvadaro, mugumo wake Vakawanda vevaya vanouya apesane pamwe aivapo hwechiKomonisiti.

Rangarirai akakurumbira panharirire wakakombwa Princess Tarakanov, yakurukurwa ave mutsivi cheushe, munyori Radishchev uye Decembrists zviri Alexeyev Ravelin. In kwemasvingo avo Petrashevzy akashanyira, the People uye Nechayev, rinotungamirirwa mutungamiri waro wakashata. Munyaya wölf corridors wakakombwa akanzwa matanho N. G. Chernyshevskogo, F. M. Dostoevskogo, M. A. Bakunina, uye vazhinji nevamwe inofananidza yaitonga vakakurumbira.

Panguva October Revolution pakati 1917, hondo vakatsigira Bolsheviks, chii muSoviet yaitonga haana kukanganwa kutaura kunyange munhau pfupi wakakombwa. It anotaura kuti panguva storming of Winter Palace, namadziro ayo vakaitwa varara kurira kwepfuti, uye pashure pokupedza vasungwa ayo casemates vakava vashumiri dikidiki Government.

Zvishoma achida kare eSoviet vakarangarira basa kuti dzavarwi vaitambira Cheka mujeri hurongwa, uko akaenda pakarepo pashure kuti Bolsheviks vakauya simba. Zvinozivikanwa kuti muna 1919, pane ndima yayo vakapfurwa 4 muchinda guru Romanov Dmitry K., Georgy, Nikolay uye Pavel Aleksandrovich.

Kunyanya pazvakanga zvitsauko munhoroondo wakakombwa yaiva nguva Red Zvinotyisa, iyo ikawira yepamusoro 1917-1921. Misa Kuuraya kwacho apo munhare rusvingo kubva Kronverksky Strait. Muna 2009, pane dzasara mazana vanhu vave vanobatwa misanthropic hurumende kwemakore akawanda hwakasimbiswa nyika zvakawanikwa.

Njodzi wenhare muSoviet nguva

Muna 1925, nhoroondo nhare akatosvika kutapudza mushure Leningrad Council akatonga pamusoro wayo dismantling (kuparadza), uye kutanga musi Hare Island Stadium. Asi, sezvinei, zvoutsinye ichi haana kuda kuitika, uye miziyamu akasikwa ari munharaunda wakakombwa. Uyewo chaikoshawo ndechokuti munguva 1925-1933 gg. mune imwe zvivako zvayo dzichengeterwe yokutanga Russian Gas Dynamics Laboratory, vane tsvimbo dzakatanga mumhuri chitundumuseremusere. Panzvimbo yayo muna 1973 kwakazarura Museum of rocketry uye astronautics, kuchiripo nhasi.

Panguva Great Patriotic War, nhare yaiva Anti-ndege bhatiri, achidzivirira denga kuti Leningrad kubva nendege muvengi, uye spire Petro Paul Cathedral akazadza kamafurashi mambure. Pasinei chenguva kutokonora uye kubhomba, rakanga pachena kuti guta, akarova Church haana, asi aitoda kukuvara masvingo.

Muna 1975, unotara 150th gore kumukirawo pana museneti Square muSt Petersburg, muna Kronwerk nzvimbo mashanu Decembrists, yakaiswa chirangaridzo obelisk mu vaaleanpunainen machena vakaurayiwa musi July 25, 1826 usiku. Pairi aiva mazita ndokutsika A. Pestel Kahovsky P., K. Ryleeva, S. Muraviev-APÓSTOL uye M. Bestuzhev-Rumin.

Nyaya haina magumo

Nhasi pamusoro munharaunda kamwe anotyisa wenhare akavaka State Museum of History St. Petersburg, "Petro Paul Fortress." Sapamazuva akare, masikati ne Naryshkin nhare chiratidzo ose zuva kunonzwika kanoni pena, kuita kuti kazhinji zvinopa vanokudzwa vakakokwa muguta. Muna 1991, kwakanga chidhori Peter I, akaita Russian-American muvezi M. zvinokwezva nhare Shemyakin, uye mune post-perestroika nguva iri pedyo mahombekombe akatanga kuronga siyana zviitiko varaidzo. Muzana XXI remakore, anowana upenyu mutsva St. Petersburg Peter uye Paul Fortress. History, akapfupikisa munyaya ino, anogamuchira kuenderera kwayo.