Novgorod Kremlin (Veliky Novgorod): kare, description, kero, okutanga maawa

Mumwe mukuru Monuments of kudzivirira Russian mapurani - ichi Novgorod Kremlin, kana sezvazvakanyorwa kunzi, Detinets. The Zvivako zvinosanganisira zvivako zvakasiyana nguva uye eras, asi ivo kazhinji vanoumba yakasiyana inimitable kunzwisisa, dzinoratidzwa mukuru dhigirii pakati Novgorod zvokuvhoterwa pamberi centralization kwesimba muMoscow.

Novgorod Kremlin

An kunzwisisa rekare zvivako ndiyo nhare Novgorod Great. A huru chivakwa kuruboshwe yorwizi Volkhov. Zvisinei, kana ukasarudza kushanyira Novgorod Kremlin, zvakanaka kuziva kero mukuru: Velikiy Novgorod, Ter. The Kremlin, 11. Mamiriro chinokosha mapurani Monument, uye panguva yeUnited pachiyero, akadzivirira neHurumende, mukuwedzera, kuti miziyamu-kuchengeterwa yaisanganisira muna UNESCO World Heritage List sechikamu guta rinokosha. Wokutanga muchirumbidza Kremlin rakanyorwa vari yomusi 1044 gore. Chokwadi, iye, akaita vamwe vose, pasi kukwegura, nguva hazvirevi kupfuura pasina iye, uye navamwe zvachose akarasika.

Detinets, Veliky Novgorod: inonzi sei kudaro?

Chokwadi vose kumbonzwa zita rakadaro, vari vamwe nenyonganyonga, nekuti shoko "Kremlin" zvikuru akakurumbira, zvakapararira pakati pavanhu. Zvichakadaro detintsem muRussia akadana hapana kunze mukati maguta akakombwa dzaiva nguva kusabatana chinoshamisa chakasviba. The rekare yaMakoronike Shoko rokutanga anotanga kuitika muna 1097, uye chete muzana remakore rechi14 rwakatsiviwa rokuti "Kremlin". Zvadaro, izvozvo ichiriko chete akanyorwa pamwechete Novgorod-muPskov mavambo, saka unogona pamwe kududzirwa sezvo dialecticism.

Shanduro matangiro kutaura

Vazhinji masayendisiti, nyanzvi dzemitauro pakabva shoko "Detinets" (Velikiy Novgorod, Kiev nemamwe maguta makuru zvakafanana hurongwa) chokuita chete mudzi se "vana". Saka, bhishopi chechi yeRussian Orthodox, Metropolitan Eugene muna 1808 kwakaratidza kuti vana vose panguva kurwisa muvengi anodzivirira munhare, nei akauya zita. wenhoroondo Soviet uye akiyorojisiti vakanga vakatakura kunze paicherwa matongo Novgorod Kremlin, vakatenda kuti zita akagamuchira nokuda varwi yomuchinda, vaigara ikoko. Vari kunzi vana kana mwana. Zvisinei, chokwadi ndechokuti machinda Detinets haana - vakagara yokugara pedyo.

Maererano Academician Yanin Kuchibhotla Novgorod Kremlin, kufanana nevamwe vanhu vose, akawana zita raro nokuti kuti, zvichida, paiva matare evakuru.

Chimwe zvakafanana shanduro akaratidza Russian uto injiniya. Zviri nyore zvikuru uye musoro. Shoko "Detinets" rinobva "ita" rechiito. Izvi zvinotsanangurwa nokuti munguva ngozi munhare anodzivirira vakadzi nevana, nzvimbo dzechitendero uye pfuma. Shanduro iyi iri pamwero overlaps yokutanga.

Novgorod Kremlin: A Brief History

Zvinozivikanwa kuti kuchamhembe chikamu nharaunda umo Kremlin zvino, rakanga kare ari Delta rwizi Volkhov uye yakakamurwa dzikava mbiri munzvimbo. Anofungidzirwa, wokutanga chaizvo Detinets ane nzvimbo yapakati chinzvimbo uye yaiva kuchamhembe chitsuwa. It yakavakwa huni, uye mwanakomana wake Yaroslava Mudrogo akaisa - Prince Vladimir Yaroslavovich. Iyewo akatanga kuvaka temberi huru yeguta muna 1045 - Sophia Cathedral, urwo rwakatora makore manomwe. Rokugadza kwakaitika muna 1052, uye papera mwedzi, Vladimir akafa akavigwa muchechi itsva.

Novgorod Kremlin-Detinets (Veliky Novgorod, Novgorod Oblast) kupiswa kakawanda. Saka, muna 1097 kuruboshwe rwake shoma, uye mutsva yakavakwa chete muna 1116, uye nguva asvika ino kukura. Panguva iyi, anoyevedza chikamu nharaunda wakawira Vladycha muchivanze - nguva yakagara bhishopu. Ndiye muna 1333 akatanga kuvaka nhare ibwe, achitya kurwisa kwete yeSweden uye Horde, asi Prince Ivan Kalita chete. Complete yaitsiva muti paruware chakaitika chete 30s pakati rechi15. More akasimba kuvaka, asi pamusoro nguva zvishoma kuparadzwa uye akadzorerwa. MuHondo Yenyika II, apo vanhu vokuGermany vakanga ndakabatikana Novgorod, Detinets (Kremlin) raishandiswa senzira mumabharaki varwi.

Zvichitevera kuparadza wandisa kwakaitika 90-ies wekupedzisira remakore, apo zvishoma rakabhuroka rusvingo pedyo Spassky shongwe (20 mita penguva). Makore akawanda gare gare, fenzi rukaporeswa. Zvino Kremlin ane chinzvimbo of Novgorod State United Museum-Reserve.

Huru mapurani unhu

Kwemazana emakore, nhare uye masvingo akavaka pagomo, zvikurukuru kuti maonero nani uye zvakaoma kuti muvengi, uyewo pedyo nenzizi. Detinets (Veliky Novgorod) asangana mitemo zvose izvi. It rinomira pachikomo diki - 10 metres pamusoro ufanane Volkhov. Nechomumugwagwa mukomberedzo ari kunze kwemasvingo ane kureba 1487 M nzvimbo yomukati mundima - 12,1 hectares.

Anoyevedza rusvingo akaita nezvidhina yakaitwa nesuko dhaka, uye ibwe (Cobblestone uye reraimu). Pakukora uye kukwirira wakakombwa zvinosiyana 3,6-6,5 M uye 8-15 m, ukuwo. A nevamwe chinhu ndiwo kuvakwa wakakombwa wetembere, kureva, machechi, riri pamusoro pamasuwo. Zviri maitiro chepfungwa muchechi, uye zvikurukuru yemamongi architecture Russia. The Pfungwa kukosha akarara pakuti ane kuvaka akadaro kunze kudzivirirwa guta rokudenga. Chokwadi chokuti Novgorod Kremlin ane zvakawanda kwavari, akatsanangura aitungamirira basa iri rokuvaka mabhishopi. Inenge zvose pamadziro vakadzorerwa muna 50-60-ies wekupedzisira remakore uzosangana kwokunze kuonekwa nhare rechi15.

Towers Novgorod Kremlin

Achiziva nezvokuvapo gumi shongwe munharaunda wenhare. Saka kure, pfumbamwe chete achiripo:

• Spassky (picture pamusoro) - ane chakafanana elongated rectangle kuti rakakamurwa tiers matanhatu, kureba uye rusvingo ukobvu - 19 M uye 2 azvaitwa. It yakavakwa pamusoro ane 15-mita tende pamwe wakarindira neshongwe, iyo ipfupi maererano dzeurongwa rechi17. Yokufeva ndima nemutemo mbariro, kubva kumusoro kusvikira pamberi shongwe riri pedyo yakashatiswa kereke chitarisiko. Zvakanga iye uyo akamupa zita. Novgorod Kremlin (Veliky Novgorod) vachaziva chaiwo Spassky Tower, iyewo akanga kamwe kuratidzwa mari 5 rubles.
• Palace - varara shongwe pasina mirayiridzo, quadrangular, rinomiririra chaizvoizvo mativi 11,2h10,2 m, rusvingo rwakakwirira - 20 m, uye pakukora chechipiri rukoko kuti pamwero - 2 M pamusoro - tende. Kubva mamwe shongwe mupepa iri tetepa siluetti.
• Knjazhaja - sokuti yaimbovapo, uyewo matsi shongwe 18.5 mamita kumusoro.
• Kokui (Kalancha) - varara sikweya shongwe pasina ndima, iyo pamwe chete nzvimbo yakakwirira iri 38,5 m, pakukora pamasvingo hwakafanana yapfuura mumwe. Zvino pane nezvakataurwa uriri chete Panoramic maonero ari Kremlin.
• Pokrovskaya - rakakura sechivako nekukwirira 18 M uye rusvingo Ukobvu 3 M wokumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero chikamu wakakombwa. Zvarinomirira mhiri 9 m, uye masvingo rakapinda 55 pokunzvenga napo.
• Zlatoust - varara mativi shongwe tiers mana, ane zita ndokuteerera vamire pedyo mutemberi remakore rechi14.
• Vladimir - kuburikidza ikawira mugomba Novgorod Kremlin (Veliky Novgorod) ndiro kufamba, rectangular, nekukwirira -. 17.8 M Kune gumi-mita tende pamusoro. A nevamwe chinhu - the pokunzvenga napo ane yokufeva pamusoro, nowenyika mahwindo.
• Fedorov - shongwe ine cylindrical chimiro yokufeva pokunzvenga napo
• The Metropolitan - ndiyo shongwe emauto kuzvidzivirira mapurani, uyewo yapfuura maviri shongwe. Kuvakwa cylindrical chimiro, mapofu, pakukora parusvingo - zvishoma pamusoro 3 m, nekukwirira - 16.3 m.

Achiziva kuparadzwa uye kuvakazve shongwe matatu: Boris uye Gleb, Rumuko, Prechistenskaya.

Sophia Cathedral

White ibwe chechi ndiyo mukuru munharaunda Russia ano ivavo kuti wakavaka necheSalvic avanhu. Yakavakwa mumakore 1045-1050, iye kwemazana emakore anoverengeka aimiririra muzinda nezvaMwari yose Novgorod Republic.

Izvi muchinjikwa domed shanu-wengarava Church. Zvivako yakadaro yo mavakirwo remakore rechi11. Zvisinei, hazvina kukurumbira kwete Novgorod Kremlin (Veliky Novgorod) - iri church mumwechete zita chiri Polotsk uye Kiev. Chivako ane apse nhatu (vakagumisa lateral uye nechepakati pentagonal) kumativi ose ari takapoteredzwa-storey matatu maberere. The Chiesa muzvitsauko zvishanu, uye wechitanhatu iri korona kumadokero chikamu kukwira shongwe. Vari dzinoratidzwa zvikuru chimiro Makovytsya - muchimiro nengowani dzemhare yekare. Kunonyanyisa kukwirira Sophia Cathedral - 38 m, rusvingo ukobvu - 1.2 m, yakashandiswa pakuvaka kwavo reraimu. Temple yakaitwa zvetsika Byzantine manyorerwo.

nzvimbo tsvene nguva dzose akafukidzwa ngano. Saka, musimboti pemvura, pamuchinjikwa, ndiye mufananidzo senjiva, inomiririra Mutsvene. Ivan Grozny muna 1570 zvinorwadza apindura Novgorod. Maererano nengano, njiva, squatting pamuchinjikwa zororo, akaona ropa kuranyutsa uye nekusangana nekunzwa chinokatyamadza ndakadaro. Zvadaro, mumwe mamongi Hwedu Lady yakaratidza kuti shiri akatumwa muguta kunyaradzwa uye Mascot. Novgorod ngauitwe kusvikira njivavarungu haangavi kubhururuka pamuti.

The belfry St. Sophia Cathedral

Zvinofanira kuonekwa aparadzane huru chivakwa. Zvonnitsa ari munhu dzakanyorwa chivakwa mazera 15-18, iyo nevanopinda Novgorod Kremlin. Veliky Novgorod (Photo Panoramic maonero, ona kumusoro.) - yakanaka muguta rekare kwetsika uye nhoroondo zvinokwezva zvakawanda. Wandei vavo uye nzvimbo. Nzvimbo idzi dzinosanganisira, sezvo kare kunzwisisa, uye Saint Sophia Cathedral, uye pamwe chete nacho uye belfry. Zvinyorwa akanyorwa kutanga kutaura nayo muna 1437, apo kuudzwa mafashamo. Zvikurukuru, rinotaura kuti kwaiva kuunza pasi yakanga yakabatana panharirire. Parizvino bellfry iri pamwe womukati rusvingo Kremlin mabvazuva, kureba kwarwo 22.5 m, uye upamhi - 3.4 metres.

Panguva Second World War zvakanga zvaparadzwa zvikuru. Pamusoro kutambira mashoko kuti mauto eGermany vari munzira kuenda kuguta, kwakasarudzwa kutama bhero. Zvisinei, panguva kubhomba chakaitika zvakananga raparadza zvakarurama chikepe pamwe vatatu specimens kupfuura, uye ivo vakanyura murwizi Volkhov. Rakanga zvishoma ichaparadzwa atirari uye kuvaka pacharo.

Vakadzorerwa bhero shongwe St. Sophia Cathedral Novgorod Kremlin (Veliky Novgorod) kuwanwa muna 1948. Zvino inoshandiswa chinangwa akaronga, mu aro okumusoro chikamu ane nezvakataurwa uriri uye zvechigarire kuratidzwa kuna rekare kuguta mabhero.

The Church of Sergiya Radonezhskogo

Gedhi mamiriro zvichida ndiyo chete rwaro kuti hwaponeswa kuchamhembe-kumadokero munyika nhasi. Rakavakwa pasi patronage pamusoro Archbishop Jona ndima Vladychny chivanze muna Kremlin muna 1463. nguva iri dzinoratidzwa fungidziro pakati kuwa Novgorod Republic pasi kumanikidzwa muMoscow uye ayo accession. Zvisinei, nekuchiva zvishoma yakadzikama, uye vanhu yavasingazoshiviriri pfungwa centralization ose ehurumende. Church - chiratidzo rugare, convergence zvokunamata uye kubatana pamwe Moscow, sezvo yakavakwa kukudzwa ipapo aisatombowanika Russia uye vakanamata kunyanya Moscow - Sergiya Radonezhskogo.

Church of St. Stratelates

Novgorod Kremlin (dhayagiramu picture) kumaodzanyemba-kumabvazuva chikamu nharaunda ine chechi diki asi kunoshamisa. It yakavakwa 15-17 emakore. It ane rectangular sandara chimiro mu plan,-kuroora span belfry uye cupola diki kuti Achashongedza temberi. Pakutanga nzvimbo iyi yaiva Boris uye Gleb Cathedral, izvo 1682 akadonha uye akanga zvadaro akaputsa kuti nheyo dzaro. Isina kumbobatwa akaramba chete chapero Mutsvene Russian murwi-uraya Andreya Stratilata. Rakanga awanda uye ichachinjwa kuva akazvimirira chechi diki.

Episcopal chivanze

Zviri pano kuti zvingava zvakafanira kutanga nyaya Novgorod Kremlin, sezvo mukuru chikamu Kremlin, izvo, maererano Gordienko TEKSTO uye Yanina V. L., iye runobva. Episcopal chivanze yaiva kuchamhembe-dzokumadokero chikamu wakakombwa. Kana uchitenda nyaya, Nabhishopi J. Korsunianin, ane zita dzinongoita dzakabatanidza pokugadzwa chiKristu muna Novgorod, pamuzinda wake achiitei chitsuwa chiduku. miganhu yaro kunorondedzerwa miviri maoko Volkhov. Izvi dzinongoitika kudzivirirwa akabvumirana zvose zvinodiwa, mukuwedzera, vokuparidzira (kwete nguva dzose zvakanaka mwoyo) ayo masvingo muganhu. Pakafa bhishopi rekare hwesangano Joachim uye Anna akanga namambo mumwe chete dzakaparara uye munguva pfupi kunharaunda St. Sophia Cathedral akatanga kuvaka.

Kwemazana emakore Episcopal muchivanze nhare munhare, uye zvose mauto vaishora pachavo kwomuchinda simba - muchivande kana zvakananga. Uyezve, mumwe nomumwe Bishop itsva akanzwa kuvaka chinhu yavo. Saka, kwemakore akawanda imwe kuvaka kuparadzwa uye vamwe dzakavakwa, inovakwa, akadzorerwa, takapoteredzwa okuwedzera hurongwa.

Kuchinja kunoshamisa zvikuru vakanga vari mutongi Euphimia II (1429-1458). An takasununguka mupikisi pamusoro annexation pamusoro Novgorod kuMoscow akasika yakasiyana nedzimwe chivako kuRussia uye ikozvino shongwe ine mapurani, chete chivako Gothic manyorerwo - the Faceted Chamber. Uye kana iwe kuzvitarisa kumbonyanya mwero (yaifananidzira pamusoro), dzomunyika mapurani rinongova naka uye zvachose akasiyana.

Information vashanyi

Zvichava kubatsira kuwana kunze vose vaya vari kuronga rwendo kune imwe yenzvimbo akanaka uye kare maguta Russia uye dai kushanyira Novgorod Kremlin (Veliky Novgorod), okutanga maawa tsika chinhu uye mari matikiti. Chekutanga, zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti Reserve kutarisira akapa mazuva kana kushanya anogona kunyatsova vakasununguka:

• Munhu wose asati asvika makore 18 - Wednesday ose rokutanga romwedzi, September 1st, June 1st,
• Mhuri Large - neChitatu romwedzi wokutanga.
• Students Nakhimov uye Suvorov School Military - vhiki nevhiki neMuvhuro.
• Pensioners - 1 October.
• Absolutely vagari vose - 18 May, muna International Day kuti Museums, uyewo July uye August ose Chishanu.

Kana mutengo tikiti, zvakanaka kujekesa mashoko ari mubhokisi yebazi Museum-chengetedza. On Ndima yayo kuparadzana zvinhu. Unogona kusarudza chii uchida, uye kwete kubhadhara vamwe. Somuenzaniso, kuongorora Sofia belfry, Zvinowedzera (Vladychnaya) mukamuri achava 150 rubles. Vadzidzi, vakwegura discounts, vana makore 16 ari zvimwe zvinhu kunogona kupfuura mahara.

Kuronga kushanyira Detinets (Veliky Novgorod)? Okutanga maawa zvakaoma zvinofanira kujekeswa pachine. Vakawanda pamwaka kuona kana vane kupesana kupinda masikati rokuponesa nguva, kumwe anogona kuitwa basa kudzorerwa, uye mazano maererano ichi chichange kuvharwa. Somuenzaniso, Sofia belfry dziripo kunoona mevhiki kubva gumi o'clock mangwanani kusvikira nhanhatu ari manheru, uye musi weChishanu pakupera kwevhiki mutsigiri chinoshanda kusvikira 20:00. Zvichida Mugshot matikiti pachine online. mibvunzo yose iyi ichapindura yesangano Info Museum-Reserve Service.