Oiri ichakasangana nezvimwewo munyika. Russian mafuta muchiso

Mumakore gumi adarika vakawanda vezvenhau unobatwa pamusoro simba zvinhu. No kunze uye mafuta. Mari iyi mhando yeHydrocarbon mbishi zvinhu aumbwa zvichienderana Exchange zvokutengeserana, uyewo wayo-siyana. oiri ichakasangana nezvimwewo vanoonekwa ne makemikari anoumba uye nzvimbo mavambo, iyo ine yakananga zvazvinoita kukosha kwavo.

Vhuṱanzi

Siyana kana mugiredhi mafuta - the Qualitative unhu pakugadzira zvinhu, kugadzira izvo rinoitwa pasi chete munda, rakasiyana nevamwe aro sezvamunoita uye zvakafanana. matsime mafuta vane zvakasiyana yokusafa chete naye nokurondedzerwa, uye saka kwaidiwa racho rakasiyana. Kurerutsa ezvinhu ekisipoti, rakaitwa zvimiso pamusoro kuparadzana chiedza uye inorema mafuta.

Munyika pagore inobereka zvinopfuura 20 mavanga migodhi. Somuenzaniso, mukuru ekisipoti kwakafumuka mafuta muRussia - Urals inorema mafuta uye chiedza Siberian Light, apo vose 5 mhando anobudiswa. MuUnited States mune vanopfuura gumi nevaviri mavanga. Tichifunga kusiyana kwakadaro hakusi vose anogona kutengeswa pazuva dzakawanda misika. Naizvozvo, mutengo nomumwe zvizivikanwe akatsunga hama kuti zvechinguvana mamakisi - British Brent kwakafumuka mafuta, kuti US WTI neMiddle East Middle East Crude.

Kukosha nechimwe chiratidzo iri pakutsvaga mafuta dhisikaundi kana shoma hama kuti zvechinguvana giredhi zvichienderana zvinhu unhu mbishi. Somuenzaniso, mafuta varemerwa yakakwirira kugutsikana nouipi nesarufa zvichabviswa nhumbi shoma kana chete Brent WTI.

Zvinoitwa mbishi zvinhu

Kazhinji, mafuta chinorondedzerwa se dema jikichira mvura, asi rondedzero yakadaro hachisi chokwadi nguva dzose. Mavara dzinosiyana mutema yeyero uye yakajeka.

Chinonyanya kukosha zvatariswa ndiwo ari coefficients ose viscosity uye kunyunguduka. Vamwe oiri ichakasangana nezvimwewo anogona zvigare yakaderera tembiricha vamwe varambe emura mune okunze zvose. Nokuda vakasiyana maitiro akadaro akaita zvimiso weboka mhando kupinda chiedza, nomutoo uye rinorema.

In ichi chikafu haangambozvipembedzi kushandiswa yakaisvonaka chimiro, saka kuti vawane mafuta marketable chigadzirwa iri zvishandiswezve. Kumhanya uye kunyatsoshanda kuti processing yakatsvuka acho Proportional kuti arambe achirema nesarufa kugutsikana uye netsvina zvakananga.

Light mhando anodhura nokuda kwavo kuwana zvigadzirwa akadai peturu, Diesel chinotsva, neparafini. vakawana mafuta mafuta uye huni yamavira pamusoro inorema mamakisi kuti anoshandiswa zvishoma kakawanda, saka mari kwavari pazasi.

dzinonakidza zvinhu

Kusvikira 1973, mari "ndarama dema" akanga asina kupfuura 3 madhora. Mutengo yakawedzera 4-ukagunzva pashure kurambidzwa aina mbishi zvinhu kubva Arab kunyika. Pakutanga 80s panguva dambudziko iri kuMiddle East nyika, mutengo ranged pakati 15 uye 35 madhora.

Mafuta yakaderera sarufa tigutsikane anonzi "inotapira" uye dzakakwirira - ". Anovava" ndozvaari iye Wakunda nekuti muzana remakore rechi19, makambani mafuta vakaedza izvozvo. Mari processing anovava oiri ichakasangana nezvimwewo zviri kupfuura iri kubudiswa inonaka. Naizvozvo, rinotapira munogara mutengo.

A pachena chepfungwa Stock Exchange mu New York ndechokuti akadzokororwa dhora mutengo mbishi zvinhu por mudende, uye zvigadzirwa pairi - iri masendi por gallon.

In London, izvozvo inoshanda International Petroleum Exchange, apo masikati nhumbi vanopfuura 50,000 neramangwana riri zvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana oiri ichakasangana nezvimwewo uye Brent mafuta.

wakurukura Physical mafuta yaitwa chete 1% kubva neramangwana zvibvumirano.

oiri ichakasangana nezvimwewo muRussia

Total kunze kwenyika kubva Russia 6 mamakisi mafuta.

Urals anogadzirwa Khanty-Mansi zvionera District uye Tatarstan Republic. chiratidzo ichi kunoratidzwa refu zviri sarufa yeimwe inoremerwa yeHydrocarbon. Mutengo Urals mafuta kunotemwa neDare discounted nokuda Sea North kugiredhi Brent. mamakisi ichi rakagadzirirwa kuburikidza nokusanganisa mafuta pamwe West Siberian Volga, nekuti iyo unhu anotambura. Mumakore gumi adarika, unoedza haabatanidzi kubva Urals Tatarstan zvinhu. Mutengo Urals mafuta achiumbwa pasi chinhu Exchange RTS.

Siberian Light anogadzirwa Khanty-Mansi zvionera Area. The sarufa kugutsikana mairi kusvika 3 nguva shoma kupfuura Urals.

Arctic Oil iri rakatorwa muna pasherefu pakati Gungwa Pechora. Ndiwo Russian wokutanga munda mafuta, riri kweArctic Ocean. The runoratidza muchiso ichi chemafuta Russian zvakakwirira arambe achirema uye yakakwirira nesarufa kugutsikana. Mafuta zvikaramba muna 60? Km kubva kumahombekombe mapazi kubva wakaiswa papuratifomu.

Sokol dzinoratidzwa pasi kugutsikana nouipi. Scout musi Sakhalin Island. Export vachishandisa Harabov.

ESPO kunoratidzwa yakaderera arambe achirema uye pasi nesarufa tigutsikane anogadzirwa Eastern Siberia. Chiri zvifambiswe vachishandisa ESPO Mapaipi.

Vityaz - Sakhalin mafuta muchiso, zvakafanana unhu kune Euro musoro. Aivigirwa kuna Trans Mapaipi.

oiri ichakasangana nezvimwewo munyika: yose kupatsanura

The kupatsanura nyika yose "ndarama dema" hunobva pezvitsiga maviri - Sweet kwakafumuka mafuta uye Light Sweet wakaipa mafuta.

Sweet oiri ichakasangana nezvimwewo - mbishi zvinhu nesarufa kugutsikana mukuru 0.5%, uyewo rehydrogen sulfide uye carbon dioxide. Panguva ino, chiratidzo ichi rinoshandiswa kugadzirwa peturu.

Light Sweet oiri ichakasangana nezvimwewo yakaderera wakisi. Viscosity uye arambe achirema anogona siyana.

Zvichienderana hunhu mhando izvi, kuti oiri ichakasangana nezvimwewo akanga zvoga zvinotevera notation:

• chiedza (soro arambe achirema);
• sokusingagutsi (yakaderera wakisi kugutsikana);
• rinorema (pasi arambe achirema);
• rinotapira (yakaderera sarufa).

bhuku siyana

In zvachose mune 3 mafuta muchiso munyika, iyo iri kuonekwa bhuku.

Brent (sokusingagutsi) - Sea North mbishi svikiro arambe achirema rine 0.5% sarufa tsvina. Akashandiswa kugadzirwa svikiro kadikidiki waanogadzirirwa, uyewo peturu. Mutengo Brent kwakafumuka mafuta - hwaro paumbwe mitengo pamusoro chetatu ose dzimwe mhando munyika.

WTI ari mined muna US mamiriro Texas. Ane arambe achirema kupfuura Brent, sarufa tigutsikane - 0.25%.

Dubai Crude - mafuta kubva United Arab Emirates. Ainziwo Fateh. It ane pasi arambe achirema. Rine kusvika 2% sarufa tsvina.

Varieties zvaisanganisira muna weOPEC ekisipoti bhasikiti

WeOPEC (Organization Petroleum kwekurasira Countries) pakuverenga mari ndokumwe kana mumwe anoshandisa indekisi "tswanda weOPEC». Kusvika panguva weOPEC dengu chinosanganisira 11 mavanga "ndarama dema":

• Saharan sanganisa (Algeria);
• Es Mapeji (Libya);
• Arab Light (Saudi Arabia);
• Basra Light (Iraq);
• Bonny Light (Nigeria);
• Iran Heavy (Iran);
• Kuwait Export (Kuwait);
• Murban (Zimbabwe);
• Kuwait Marine (Kuwait);
• Girassol (Angola);
• Merey (Venezuela).

Mafuta ndiye musimboti upfumi vakawanda - zvose kusimukira. Oil ubanguranyika kuitwa zvose pamusoro yakaoma uye pamusoro echiShinto nyanza. Kune anopfuura 20 akasiyana-siyana "ndarama dema". Uyezve, mumwe siyana ane yayo rakasiyana makemikari anoumba. Huru panotaurwa mazita chokuita Pricing pasi pose, zvinofungirwa Brent, WTI uye Dubai Crude. Stamps mafuta Russian kuenda ekisipoti: Urals, Siberian Light, Arctic Oil, Sokol, ESPO, Vityaz. Neramangwana zvibvumirano nokuti nerubatsiro mbishi zvinhu zviri munyika misika chinokosha. Zvikurukuru, ichi ndicho New York uye London Nehunde exchanges. In Russia nayo inoshanda RTS (Moscow).