Ontogenesis - a kwepfungwa ari

The muitiro rinotsanangurwa ontogeny anotevedzana kuchinja nhengo kubva rezasi kusvikira dzakakwirira kwevari anokosha. Pane STRUCTURAL uye dzichipfekeka vakakwana wacho.

ontogeny zvidzidzo inoitwa anoranga zvesayenzi dzakawanda. Somuenzaniso, morphophysiological ontogeny (paumbwe muviri) ndicho chinhu kudzidza zvipenyu. Uyewo, mupfungwa uye munzanga ontogeny anodzidzwa mu minda dzakasiyana wepfungwa (psychogenetics, zera uye mwana zvepfungwa, magariro uye zvepfungwa edzidzo).

The Dzidziso phylogeny uye ontogeny

Shoko rokuti "phylogeny" (chiGiriki. "Phyle" - "Species, genus, rudzi" uye "genos" - "mavambo") rinoshandiswa kureva chirongwa pakuonekwa uye nhoroondo kukura mhando. In mupfungwa sayenzi kukura psyche mhuka mukufamba shanduka, uye dzidziso pamusoro siyana pfungwa dzevanhu.

More kunyanya kukosha ndiyo pfungwa "ontogeny". Izvi (mu zvepfungwa) kukura wacho psyche. Muchiitiko ichi tiri kutaura pamusoro zvachose mamiriro pakukura - kubva pakuzvarwa kusvikira nguva rufu rwake. The Dzidziso phylogeny uye ontogeny mupfungwa sayenzi akakweretwa kubva zvipenyu, munyori wavo ari zvipenyu wokuGermany Ernst Haeckel.

biogenetic mutemo

Pahwaro idzi pfungwa, pamwe chete F. Müller, Haeckel akagadzira kurutivi biogenetic mutemo (1866). Sezvazvakanyorwamo, mumwe nomumwe ari munhu kukura (ontogeny) muchidimbu inopfuura vose zvokukura rwaro (phylogeny).

Zvadaro, mutemo biogenetic vakakanganiswa vanotsigira masayendisiti. Somuenzaniso, sezvo imwe pakaunda-Scientific Council of University of Jena pfungwa yokuti hapana munhu embryo muswe uye Gill slits. Pasinei kutsigirwa biogenetic mutemo naCharles Darwin (akataura zvaainyanya hwokuti dzidziso yake yokushanduka-shanduka), pfungwa ainzi neDare Scientific Council sezvo untenable, uye ayo munyori - mhosva kubiridzira nesayenzi.

Kunyange zvakadaro, mashoko biogenetic mutemo, uye chokwadi pfungwa recapitulation (Latin:. "Recapitalatio" - "Succinct, pfupi uchidzokorora aimbova rokutanga") aiva chinokosha simba pamusoro pokumuka zvipenyu nesayenzi, kusanganisira - nokuti kukura shanduka pfungwa. Its simba mutemo biogenetic akava pamusoro pokumuka zvepfungwa. The ontogeny kwemunhu psyche havagoni kuridza basa zvakaitika nezvizvarwa.

The dambudziko kutyaira masimba kukura kwepfungwa

Separate inokosha mupfungwa dambudziko ndiro mubvunzo chii zvinoongororwa inotisvitsa kukura mupfungwa, anosarudza ontogeny kwayo. zvepfungwa Izvi pakutsvaga pfungwa kutyaira mauto okukura chepfungwa. Pane huru nzira mbiri pakugadzirisa dambudziko iri - biogenetic (dzinongoitika) uye sotsiogenetichesky (pachena).

Vatsigiri okutanga nzvimbo kunge dzirambe masero okutodza (nhodzera) pamusoro, achifunga izvozvo aitungamirira boka iri nedanho nomumwe kukura mupfungwa. Saka, basa evanhu zvinhu zviri kushoma. Pakati dzepamusorosoro vamiririri biogenetic yokutaura - Descartes, F-F. Rousseau, Spencer, S. Hall, D. Baldwin.

Zvakashandurwa, sotsiogenetichesky kusvika sezvo kutyaira masimba kukura kwepfungwa akasarudzwa evanhu chinhu - basa mumagariro kwezvakatipoteredza. Man Saka, anoita somunhu yokunze chigadzirwa (zvisina kunanga) simba. The kukosha yomunhu nhodzera vatsigiri nzira iyi chakarambwa. Representatives -. J. Locke, E. Durkheim, P. Janet.

Two-chinhu dzidziso ontogenesis ari psyche

Uyewo, kuedza nokubatanidza zvose zvinhu kunge vatora - nhaka uye nemagariro - kutsanangura specificity chepfungwa pfungwa "ontogeny". Izvi zvakaguma mugwara wechitatu zvepfungwa - dzidziso zviviri. Yaiva mutsvakurudzi chokutanga Stern, uyo akagadzira nheyo convergence zviviri. Maererano nenheyo iyi, nhaka mutsetse intersects nerwonzi, nokuda kwayo mumagariro dzatinoshandira kukura munhu (pane convergence).

Nokudaro, ontogeny wepfungwa dzevanhu kuitwa urongwa kubatanidzwa nomumwe dzomunyika uye zvimwewo zvinhu kwepfungwa inoshanda. Somuenzaniso, mashoko tinozvarwa mupfungwa chomutambo achasarudza mwana atambe sei uye rini. Uyewo, mashoko acho uye muitiro mamiriro achazviisa kubudikidza chaiko kwezvakatipoteredza.

Zvaikoshawo inokosha nzira kuziva chaizvo neukama nechitarisiko uye munyika zvinhu kuona ontogeny. In Makuriro zvepfungwa ndiyo mapatya nzira.

zvinokosha zvakawanda

Twin nzira kwaibva kuenzaniswa kuongorora pfungwa pave mono- uye dizygotic pemapatya. Chirevo rakanga kuti kana mapatya vari dizygotic (DZ - yakasiyana nhodzera) kuva nenzira dzakasiyana, saka, majini chinhu zvakaenzana evanhu kunokosha. Kana budiriro iri anenge panguva nenhanho quality, kunyanya anoshanda evanhu chikonzero. With monozygotic mapatya (MH - fanana nhodzera) mamiriro acho ezvinhu akafanana. Naizvozvo coefficients uye kusiyana DZ- MZ mapatya kurarama zvakasiyana / ezvinhu akafanana kuenzaniswa. Twin nzira iri zvinowanzoshandiswa psychogenetics.

Nokudaro, zvepfungwa unhu kukura mune ontogenesis, maererano dzidziso convergence rinosundwa namasanhu maviri:

• X zvinhu nhodzera.
• In zvinhu zvakatipoteredza.

Somuenzaniso, anozivikanwa British kwepfungwa Eysenck njere sechinhu rinobva pane zvakatipoteredza 80% uye yomukati (nenhaka) - 20 chete%.

A zvakaipira vaviri-chinhu dzidziso unhu pakukura anoonekwa kuti painogumira zvinobva kuwedzera zvokuimba enhaka uye magariro zviratidzo. Uyewo, ontogenesis - iri (mu zvepfungwa) kupfuura yakaoma muitiro, haagoni kuderedzwa chete kune masvomhu. Zvinokosha kufunga kwete chete quantitative reshiyo dzavo, asiwo Qualitative zvinhu. Mukuwedzera, akadaro muenzaniso anogara nzvimbo nomumwe kusiyana.

Psychoanalytic kusvika kune pfungwa "ontogeny" iri kwepfungwa

Chii - ontogeny - mumaonero psychoanalysis? Kana ari yapfuura yokuti takaona convergence (convergence) pamusoro nematemo nhaka uye zvemagariro okunze, dzidziso Sigmund Freud, zvinopesana neizvi muitiro. Zvinhu idzi kubva pfungwa yokurwisana, panobva iri dzinongoitika mismatch dzezvinangwa, nomuzvarirwo chikamu unhu ( "ID", "It" - the chavanoziva) uye nemagariro ( "superego", "superego" - hana, tsika dzemunharaunda).

Kana munhu nechido nomunhu zvakavanzika uye zvishuvo, icho chinoratidza kwayo chaivo, afenda mamiriro. Kuedza kudzora mashoko chido, kurambwa wavo, kutongwa, unoedza ndokudzinga kubva ndangariro - ndiro basa evanhu chezvinonhuwira nokuzivikanwa (internalized hurongwa tsika, dzemunharaunda uye mitemo yetsika, yakaumbwa pasi pokudzora hwomunhu munzanga ezvinhu).

Pfungwa iyi yave vanotsigira masayendisiti, kunyanya nokuti Kusiyana pakati zvipenyu uye magariro zvinoumba kwevanhu unhu.

Analytical pfungwa KG mukomana

Tichidzokera pfungwa recapitulation (biogenetic mutemo), takurukura pamusoro, izvozvo zvinogona kucherechedzwa zvakafanana Analytical Psychology pamusoro kwepfungwa Swiss CG Jung. Tiri kutaura dzidziso yacho seboka afenda. Sezvo Ernst Haeckel chinoonekwa ontogeny recapitulation pamusoro phylogeny, Jung anoona munhu sezvo mutakuri vanoziva remangwana kana zvinofunga chiitiko nezvizvarwa. kuedza Izvi zvinoratidzwa nenzira yaiitwa yakapfupikiswa chimiro muchimiro vamwe mifananidzo maonero uye dudziro chokwadi - archetypes. Ichivharira kare uye kushaya kwavo kuwana nokure pfungwa inokanganisa pamusoro nedanho ontogenesis, hunokonzera kutyora yomunhu nepfungwa dzakagadzikana.

Ontogenesis uye mabasa

Musumo muchikwata kwebasa, maererano National zvepfungwa, db Elkonin kunoita pamwero kugadzirisa dambudziko hurumende ichiisa chikuru zvinoita ontogenesis pamusoro psyche. Muitiro okukura - ndiko, pakutanga kwezvose, basa nyaya nokuda kwayo, zvinhu basa. Kana nhaka uye magariro zvinhu, vanoita sezvinoita kukura ezvinhu, asi kwete somunhu kwayo rave. Vanovata kwete chirongwa kukura mupfungwa, asi chete zvakasiyana ayo mukati inowanzotorwa siyana.