Chitendero muRussia. State chitendero uye zvimwe zvitendero Russia ano

Munyaya ino tichashandisa kupindura mubvunzo chii chitendero muna Russia zviripo. chitendero Russian ari seti nemafambiro dzechitendero, yabatanidza ne nyika Russian. Somunhu rokunyika nyika, kuti Constitution rinorondedzera Russia, kuita kubva 1993.

Chii rusununguko rwokunamata? The Constitution ndiye gwaro runovimbisa uchangamire uye chitendero, uye rusununguko kwehana. Rinopa kodzero pachena somunhu kana anorenda nevamwe, chero kutenda kana kusatenda chinhu. With gwaro iri, unogona vakasununguka kusimudzira sarudza kuva muchitendero uye dzimwe dzidziso, kushanda maererano navo. Zvinozivikanwa kuti yeUnited mutemo musi September 26, 1997 № 125-P "On coalitions dzechitendero uye nehana," anovimbisa "kuenzana pamberi mutemo, pasinei maonero nemafungiro nokutenda."

MuRussia, hapana chaizvo yeUnited hurumende muviri kuti akuteerere zvaidiwa mitemo masangano ezvitendero. Zvinozivikanwa kuti muSoviet Union pasi neDare Vashumiri Council ariko Religious Affairs.

Basic zvitendwa, akazviratidzazve Russia, ndivo: chiBuddha, Islam uye chiKristu (Protestantism, Orthodoxy uye chikatorike). Panguva iyoyowo chikamu Russian vakawanda muna Mwari haatendi.

nhamba vakatendeka

Chii chinoratidza chaunoziva Mwari? Tinoda kukuudzai kuti uchapupu raShe mabasa haripi: chiito kana kuva nazvo kana iwe usina kutenda. Muna Russian Federation hakuna pamutemo nhamba nhengo mu vakazvipira hurongwa ikozvino: mutemo unorambidza kuwana kubva vagari nechitendero chavo. Somugumisiro vokuRussia 'kutya Mwari anogona kutaura chete pashure pokudzidza migumisiro Sociological kuongorora vemo.

Sezvineiwo, mashoko zviitiko dzakadaro Dual. Saka blitz-yakaitwa kubva 2007, Roc aizviti kuti vateveri vake vari vagari Russian vanenge mamiriyoni 120. Uye vatungamiriri Islam panguva iyoyo akatenda kuti nyika musha pakati 13 uye 49 miriyoni vaMuslim. Asi muna Russia izvozvo anogara mweya mamiriyoni 144 chete! Somugumisiro, mumwe masangano yekudyidzana kuwedzeredza mukurumbira wayo.

Muna August 2012 Service "Environment" inoitwa zvose-Russian kutsvakurudza "Atlas vemarudzi nezvitendero" muna 79 of kubva 83 kumatunhu Russian. Pano ndizvo iye akawana:

• miriyoni 58.8 (kana 41%) vanogaramo ndezvaJehovha neChechi yeOrthodox yokuRussia (vaKristu Orthodox).
• vanhu miriyoni 9.4 (kana 6,5%) vanodavira Islam (kusanganisira Shiites, Sunnis uye nevaya havazvioni kana Shiite kana Sunni).
• miriyoni 5.9 (kana 4.1%) vagari vari vaKristu, asi havazvioni kana vaKaturike kana Orthodox kana nevaPurotesitendi.
• miriyoni 2.1 (1,5%) vagari vari Orthodox, asi havasi Old Ritualists uye hadzisi kusvika Roc.
• mamiriyoni 1,7 (kana 1,2%) vazivikanwe sevanhu venguva chitendero wemadzitateguru avo, ndivo zvakasikwa uye vanamwari vakasiyana-siyana.
• 0,4% (kana 700,000) vagari vari muBhudha (Tibetan kazhinji).
• 0.2% (kana 350,000) vari Old Ritualists vanhu.
• 0.2% (kana 350,000) vanhu vanozviti Mapurotesitenzi (Lutheran, Baptist, yeAnglican, vaevhangeri).
• Kana 0.1% (170 000) akataura pachavo sezvo zvitendero Eastern uye tsika yokunamata (the Hare Krishnas uye vaHindu).
• 0.1% (kana 170,000) kuzviti Catholic.
• 170,000 (kana 0.1%) VaJudha.
• miriyoni 36 (kana 25%) zvevanhu vanotenda muna Mwari, asi regai vazivikanwe sezvo imwe chitendero.
• miriyoni 18 (kana 13%) havana kutenda muna Ishe.

Zvinozivikanwa kuti muna July 2012, basa "Inzwi Runet" akaongorora kuburikidza iyo zvakava pachena kuti aitya Mwari-vane 67% nevashanyi kuti mutauro wokuRussia Internet.

Kuongorora kunoitwa Levada Center, inoitwa November 2012 kwakaratidza kuti chikamu vatendi Russia akaparadzirwa sezvinotevera:

• Orthodox - 74%.
• Mapurotesitenzi - 1%.
• Catholicism - 1%.
• Hakuna Musiki - 5%.
• Vakaramba kupindura - 0%.
• Islam - 7%.
• ChiJudha - 1%.
• ChiHindu - <1%.
• ChiBhudha - <1%.
• Vamwe - <1%.
• Zvakaoma kupindura - 2%.
• No chitendero - 10%.

Information on FOM muna June 2013 iri sezvinotevera:

• In - 64%.
• Havana havazvioni bogolyubtsami 25%.
• Other masangano echiKristu (Uniats Mapurotesitenzi, Catholic, Baptist, et unto.) - 1%.
• Other zvinotendwa - 1%.
• Islam - 6%.
• Zvakaoma kutaura, haagoni zita chairo dhinominesheni - 4%.

Russian Christianity

Chitendero muRussia, sezvaungaona, vakava kwakapararira. ChiKristu chinomiririrwa zvitatu zvinokosha mirayiridzo: Orthodoxy, Protestantism uye Katurike. Munyika ino, munewo vateveri dzakasiyana-siyana itsva Christian masangano, tumapoka uye ezvitendero.

pokutenda

Bvumiranai, chitendero kuRussia zvakapararira. Ngatiedzei nhasi kudzidza Orthodoxy. Zvinozivikanwa kuti RSFSR Act 1990 (October 25) yakatsiviwa Federal Law 1997 (yomusi September 26) №125-FL "On coalitions dzechitendero uye nehana." Nhanganyaya Chikamu ine wayo kuitwa zviri "kunoshamisa basa vaKristu munhoroondo Russia."

Orthodoxy mu Russia hunomiririrwa yeOrthodox yokuRussia Church, Old Vakatendeka 'shamwari, uyewo vakawanda nzira (non-dzakafuridzirwa) hurongwa wokuRussia tsika dzechiKristu.

Kazhinji, Chechi yeOrthodox yokuRussia iri kupfuura rechitendero sangano munyika Russian. Chechi yeOrthodox yomuRussia inokurukura pacharo kare munharaunda yokutanga Russian wechiKristu: nayo pamutemo nehurumende musimboti wakati avata pasi 988 ne St. Prince Vladimir, maererano isingachinji historiography.

Maererano mutungamiri "Russian Public Movement", musayendisiti political Svyatenkova Paul (January 2009), Roc of facto anokwanisa unokosha Russian yanhasi uye upenyu enyika.

Popularization pamusoro Orthodoxy mu Russia

How anodavirwa nevakawanda Russia? Muna March 2010, VTsIOM National kuongorora chaiitirwa, pashure iyo data, 75% vemo vazivikanwe sevaKristu Orthodox. Zvinokosha kuziva kuti 54 chete% wavo kudzidza Bhaibheri, vanenge 73% vaKristu kuchengeta zvinodavirwa muchitendero dzechitendero.

Tarusin Mihail Askoldovich, uyo akashanda se musoro wemagariro evanhu Department of Institute of seboka design, anodavira kuti ruzivo urwu haana kuratidza chinhu. Akati kuti nhamba idzi chete inofananidza panguva Russian zvitupa. Kana taifunga kuti vanhu yeOrthodox uyo kanenge vaviri pagore kutora chikamu mune sakaramende kuti chirairo uye kureurura, kuti kune 18-20 chete%.

Vaongorori vanodavira kuti voruzhinji musarudzo anoratidza kuti hunoshamisa nhamba yevatendi kunzi vaKristu Orthodox pahwaro National nokubvumirana.

Catholicism

Saka hapana Mwari here kana kwete? Ani Kubvuma chero uchapupu? Mwari nekuti hapana akamboona. Asi kare Latin Christianity munyika vokumabvazuva Slavs vaivapo nokuberekwa Kievan Rus. Kakawanda, vabati Russian wehurumende yakachinja maonero ayo akatarira vaKaturike: kana avaramba kana zvakanaka. Nhasi munharaunda Catholic kuRussia inosanganisira zana anoverengeka zviuru vatendi.

Tinoziva kuti muna 1917 tapedza October Revolution kuRussia, asi machechi Catholic kwechinguva akaramba kushanda akasununguka. Kunyange zvakadaro, hurumende yeSoviet muna 20 kutanga kubvisa kudavira izvi Russia. Panguva matambudziko vakapfurwa uye akasunga vapristi vazhinji Catholic, vakapamba akavhara anenge ose mutemberi. A muzvizhinji kuti nhengo vakanga vaidzvinyirirwa uye kudzingwa. Muna RSFSR chete chechi mbiri Catholic akaita mushure Great Patriotic War: Our Lady pamusoro Lourdes (Leningrad) uye St. Louis (Moscow).

Image Kristu haana kusiya Russia, uye kubvira pakutanga kuma1990, vaKaturike mabasa avo Russia. Paiva vaviri Apostolic Catholic kudzora rechiLatin setsika yeRoma College of Theology uye Spiritual Seminary yepamusorosoro.

The Federal Registration Service muna December 2006 yakashuma kuti Russia ine anenge 230 parishes, kota iri kwete zvivako mutemberi. Zveminda ine muna dioceses mana, pamwe chete vakabatana mumaguta.

Muna 1996, Russian vaKaturike, paiva pakati 200 uye 500 zviuru mweya.

Protestantism

Kuwanda vaPurotesitendi muRussia R. N. Lunkin inofungidzira vanhu mamiriyoni matatu (2014). Zvinonzi vanopfuura hafu yavo vari vazhinji vomuchechi uye neopyatidesyatnicheskih makereke Pentecostal. Nokuti dzimwe zvikuru echiPurotesitendi masangano makumi ezviuru vakatendeka: vaBaptist, vaLutheran, maevhangeri Adventists.

Maererano Bazi Justice uwandu formalized masangano ezvitendero Mapurotesitenzi munyika munzvimbo yechipiri, shure chete yeOrthodox. Nenzira, neMapurotesitenzi muna Volga uye North Caucasus Federal maruwa uyewo muduku vaMuslim, uye kuFar East mudunhu pokutanga kutanga.

zvimwe

Mufananidzo Kristu uye kunamata zvaJehovha. nhamba yavo Russia muna 2013 yairema paavhareji vaparidzi 164.187 vanoshingaira. Zvinozivikanwa kuti anenge 4988 vokuRussia vakabhabhatidzwa muna 2013, kuva Chapupu chaJehovha. Chirangaridzo muna 2013, 283.221 vanhu akashanyira. MuRussia, kunewo chiKristu womudzimu, kuti izvo Molokans uye Doukhobors.

Iziramu

Mazita vamwari nyika yekare kutokanganwa. Nhasi, mamiriyoni 8 vaMuslim Russia. Muslim Directorate Spiritual yeEuropean chikamu Russian Federation rinoti kuti nharaunda nyika iyi anogara vateveri vanenge mamiriyoni maviri Islam.

Ruzhinji, Chokwadi, anoreva pachake se vechiMuslim "dzinza". Havazivi kuzadzikisa zvaidiwa chitendwa uye funga pachavo nokuda kwetsika kana nzvimbo dzokugara (Tatarstan, Bashkorostan). KuCaucasus, vomunharaunda vane zvakawanda simba (nharaunda North Ossetia dzechiKristu ndiyo zvagara).

A yakawanda vaMuslim vanogara Volga-Urals nharaunda, St. Petersburg, Moscow, North Caucasus uye muWestern Siberia.

Judaism

Bvumiranai chitendero vanhu zvinofadza chaizvo kudzidza. Ngationei kuti vanhu vazhinji vari Russian Federation anokudza chiJudha. Total muRussia mune vaJudha mamiriyoni 1,5. Russian Federation of Communities Jewish (FJC) rinoshuma kuti vaJudha vaigara 500 zviuru, apo muSt Petersburg, muMoscow - 170 zviuru. MuRussia, ane anenge 70 mumasinagogi.

FJC unoshanda panguva imwe chete imwe huru chibvumirano munharaunda vechitendero chechiJudha - reCongress masangano vechitendero chechiJudha uye masangano Russia.

2002 Kuverenga inoti kuti vaJudha pamutemo 233.439 vanogara Russia.

chiBhudha

Zvinotendwa uye chitendero kunogona kudzidzwa nokusingaperi. Vamwe kumatunhu wokuRussia chinyakare chiBhudha? Iye kwakapararira munyika Buryatia, Kalmykia uye vokuTuva. MuBhudha Association of Russia rinofungidzira kuti nhamba yevanhu vanonamata Buddha, riri pakati 1.5 uye 2 miriyoni.

Kazhinji, nhamba "dzinza" chiBhudha muRussia (maererano ruzivo pamusoro pavagere okuverengwa muna 2012) yaiva sezvinotevera: asi Kalmyks - 174 zviuru vanhu, Buryats - 445 000, vokuTuva - 243 zviuru vanhu. Total mweya inenge zvuru 900 vave vachitevera tsika kuzivikanwa pachavo sezvo Tibetan chiBhudha of Gelugpa chikoro.

Mumakore 90 remakore rechimakumi maviri, Zen uye Tibetan chiBuddha yawana zvikuru kukurumbira pakati dzomumaguta intelligentsia. Mumazuva iwayo, paiva kunyange njodzi munharaunda.

In St. Petersburg ndiko kuchamhembe chechi wechiBuddha munyika. Zvakange avaka pamberi yechimurenga Petrograd ( "Datsan Gunzechoyney"). Nhasi - tourist uye zvechitendero muzinda tsika wechiBuddha.

Nezvimwe zvitendero uye vechihedheni

Ariko Mwari haasi nekusimba nesainzi, asi zvemo vanhu Far Eastern uye Siberian kumatunhu panguva imwecheteyo kwaitanga kwakazviisa Orthodoxy havadarowo nuances tsika Bogolyubov. Vamwe Finno-Ugric marudzi (Udmurtia, Mari nevamwe) sokukudza kwavanoita zvitendwa yekare.

Zvavanotenda kuvimba richengetedzwe zvetsika zvinhu uye inozivikanwa se dzakakurumbira Orthodoxy kana pechishamani. Sezvineiwo, shoko rokuti "chechi zvavo" inogona kuparadzwa uye kuti voruzhinji vokuRussia, kunyanya mumusha.

Mazita vanamwari kushanda mashiripiti avo. Saka, zhinji dzavanhu Russia vari kuedza vamutsidzirwezve zvetsika. Muna 2013, imwe experimental basa "Wednesday" vakatsunga kuti vahedheni vanozvidza 1.5% kubva vokuRussia. Sezvineiwo, zvose kufamba izvi mhando yechitendero dzinonzi "chiNazi zvechihedheni".

In imwe mumadhorobha ezvinhu, kuwedzera hwakagadzwa zvitendero, vachibudirira kufamba dzechitendero itsva kumabvazuva (Tantrism, uye zvichingodaro. D.), The zvemidzimu uye Neo-veChihedheni (Rodnoverie uye zvichingodaro. D.) Kunyengetedza.

State uye Religion

Rusununguko chitendero ndicho ukoshi mukuru chero nyika. Maererano Constitution of Russian Federation iri nyika yokunyika apo pasina chitendero chimwe haagoni kuva mutemo unoti kana voruzhinji. In Russian ano chikuru muitiro riri clericalization nyika - zvishoma nezvishoma pakagadzwa muenzaniso pamwe chikuru chitendero.

In tsika, Russia haana mutsetse zvakajeka demarcation pakati ehurumende uye zvitendwa, nokuti izvo upenyu pachena rinotanga uye rinopera chete confessional.

Zviya, nhengo Commission of Sciences kurwisa falsification pakati kuedza kwesayenzi uye Yesayenzi V. Kuvakin anotenda kuti mamiriro noutungamiriri Russia anoita guru nhoroondo chikanganiso kuedza kutsausa kuva nehurumende chitendero Orthodoxy. Zvechokwadi, zviito zvakadaro zvinopesana Constitution.

clericalization

Tose tinoziva kuti Musiki mukuru wezvinhu zvose! Chitendero azara mabhora ose oupenyu paruzhinji. Inogona kuwanikwa munzvimbo idzi izvo, pasi Constitution, vanoparadzaniswa nokutenda muzvikoro, zvechiuto, hurumende masangano, sainzi uye dzidzo. Zvinozivikanwa kuti State Duma akabvuma pamwe Patriarchate of Moscow rokubata rokutanga yokubvunza pane zvinhu zvose, kuti nascent nechokwadi. Muzvikoro Russian, vadzidzi vakatanga kudzidza kutanga tsika dzechitendero, pane "dzidziso" chaihwo dzimwe kumayunivhesiti.

The staffing dzemauto kunge akatanga itsva yepamusoro - Chaplain (Mufundisi). A kuwanda madhipatimendi, shumiro, hurumende masangano ane temberi wayo. Kakawanda pane munharaunda makanzuru, kufukidza nhau dzechitendero mune shumiro idzi.

Armenia

Uye ngatichionai chitendero vokuArmenia. Chii chinombodiwa rinomiririrei? Zvinozivikanwa kuti vakawanda vokuArmenia - vaKristu vanozviti vateveri Armenian Apostolic Church. Munyika ino, chiKristu akazviratidza I remakore BC. e. Panguva iyoyo Kristu akaparidza pano vaApostora Bartholomew uye Tadhiyo, vanonzi vatsigiri Apostolic Armenian Church.

Zvinozivikanwa kuti pakutanga ari IV remakore (the chinyakare musi makore 301), mambo Trdat III akataura chiKristu chitendero wehurumende. Ndizvo sei Armenia rava kutanga muKristu mamiriro munyika.

Kutenda, Orthodoxy chinhu chinokosha kusvika Armenian ose. Nokudaro, Verenga vokuArmenia muna 2011 inoti kuti chiKristu-siyana nemasangano ari State anoti 2858741 mweya. Nhamba iyi zvinoratidza kuti nyika musha 98,67% vanhu vanotya Mwari-.

Religion vokuArmenia zvakasiyana: 29.280 vatendi vanamate Armenian Evangelical Church 13 843 - the Armenian Catholic Church, 8695 kuzivikanwa pachavo seZvapupu zvaJehovha, 7532 pachavo rinonzi Orthodox (halkadonitami), 2872 - Molokans.

By munzira, Apostolic Armenian Church iri mumachechi Oriental Orthodox. Idzi dzinosanganisira: asi Coptic, vokuEritrea, Ethiopian, Malankara uye muSiria.

Yezidism

Zvinozivikanwa kuti pane rusununguko rwokunamata munyika Armenia. nyika ino musha 25.204 Yezidis mutsigiri (anenge 1% chavagari mamiriro nevatungamiriri). Izvi ainyanya Kurds. Yavanogara mumisha Ararat mumupata, zvishoma kuchamhembe-kumadokero Yerevan. Temple 'Ziarat' yakanga yavakwazve rehurumende Armavir nharaunda September 29, 2012.

Iye anonzi temberi yokutanga yakavakwa kunze kuchamhembe Iraq - yepakutanga kumusha ari Yezidis. Basa racho zvinodiwa Yezidis zvomudzimu Armenia.

Judaism

Mwari - Musiki hwose Panyika. pfungwa iyi pamwe chete na vatendi vose, vanogona kuva chero chitendero. Zvinofadza kuti muna Armenia pane kusvika 3 vezviuru vaJudha, avo kazhinji vanogara Yerevan.

Iziramu

Armenian chitendero chechiKristu takakurukura. Uye anogamuchira Islam munyika ino? Tinoziva kuti dzidziso iyi iri vanozviti Kurds, Azeris, vaPezhiya, vokuArmenia nezvimwe marudzi. Yerevan kunyanya nokuti vaMuslim akavaka chechi.

Nhasi, munyika ino muMuslim Kurdish munharaunda anosanganisira mweya anoverengeka zana, vakawanda vacho vanogara Abovyan nharaunda. Vamwe Azerbaijanis Muslim mupenyu akapoteredza kuchamhembe uye kumabvazuva kumiganhu Armenia kumamisha. Kazhinji muna Yerevan vanenge chiuru vaMuslim - Kurds, vanhu vanobva kuMiddle East, vaPezhiya, uye vakadzi Armenian vanenge 1,500 vatendeuki kuna Islam.

Neopaganism

Ko iwe kuneta asi kuongorora kusingaperi chitendero vanhu? Saka, tinofanira kuramba zvimwe gujunura ichi anonakidza musoro. 2011 Census inoratidza kuti muArmenia kurarama 5434 mutsigiri muchihedheni.

Neopagan rechitendero rinonzi getanizmom. It recreates kutenda isingachinji Armenian chiKristu. Getanizm akavamba Armenology usimbe Kakosyan kwakavakirwa mabasa Garegin Nzhdeh - vakakurumbira Armenian nationalist.

Neopagan nguva dzose mitemo anoitwa mutemberi Garni. The Armenian inofanira mupristi yechihedheni Petrosyan Zograb. The dzakananga Nhamba vateveri kutenda ichi hapana anoziva. Kazhinji, ari Armenian akakurumbira Neopaganism, sezvo mutemo pakati mafeni ari Ultra-kurudyi uye nationalist dzenzvimbo.

Zvinozivikanwa kuti gitanistami vaiona pachavo rinozivikanwa wokuti Armenia Vanya Navasardyan (nheyo Armenian kutonga Republican Party) uye Margaryan Andranik (vaimbova pasvikira).

Rusununguko dzidziso Russia

Zvinotendwa uye chitendero vanhu Russian rwakakurudzira Kesari Nicholas II muna 1905 (17 April) kuti chirevo nokuda zita Supreme Seneti. Ichi chirevo haazvibatanidzi pamusoro nenzvimbo zvinotisimbisa zvimwe zvitendero. Zviri bepa ichi kwenguva yokutanga munhoroondo Russia pamutemo vaiti kwete chete kodzero norusununguko kutenda non-Orthodox vanhu kutenda, asi Inosimbisa kuti goho kwaro zvimwe zvitendero haifaniri nokupomerwa. Mukuwedzera, mambo Old Vatendi uye inonyoreswa suschestvovashie akapidigura kurambidzwa akapfuura uye kurambidza vamwe masangano echiKristu.

Chitendero mutemo unotaura kuti chitendero ane January 20, 1918 Russia iri nyaya. Rakanga saka akazivisa chirevo Council Vanhu vaJehovha Commissars of RSFSR.

A Russian Bumbiro (Part 2, Article 14) inoti:

• Russia ndiyo rokunyika nyika. Hapana chitendero kunogona kusimbiswa pano somunhu fanira kana voruzhinji.
• Nzanga Religious muri vakaparadzana ehurumende uye vakayenzana pamberi pomutemo. Federal Law "On coalitions dzechitendero uye rusununguko rwehana" muna 1997, akanyora "zvinokosha nezvebasa Orthodoxy munhau wokuRussia kukura tsika dzayo uye kunamata."

Tinovimba nyaya ino rakubatsira kuwana pfungwa mukuru nemasangano Russian.