Pachena zvakavanzika nyika. Principles Huygens Fresnel

Light mananara ndezvenguva kwatiri kuitira kuti, achiona anokuzviratidza dzavo dzakasiyana-siyana, hatidi kunyange kufunga pamusoro pezvakaita kwemasayendisiti. Mugove pagadzirwe hwomunhu ruzivo kuburikidza chaizvo mananara chiedza rinosvika makumi mapfumbamwe kubva muzana, zvichiratidza kuti dzavo huru muupenyu hwedu. Kupfuma zvenyika yakatipoteredza kupenda denga rebhuruu ruvara, muraraungu, kufungisisa yake mugirazi ndivo nyaya tsanangudzo nani vanhu, lyrically dzakanaka pane kuva nepfungwa nesayenzi. Asi pakati vasayendisiti uye zvakasikwa kutsvaka dawo musimboti zvinhu dzakatikomberedza uye mananara kubereka zvavo quantitative chipimo uye Qualitative kupima akawana vazhinji achida kugadzirisa chakavanzika chiedza.

The vatsvakurudzi chiedza mananara, vane mabasa achiripo wokutanga, aiziva pamusoro ehupfumi ose curved hukawanika. Euclid (300 BC) uye Ptolemy (127-151 gg.) Vakakwanisa kutsanangura mitemo geometrical optics, asi rinoshanda kushanda ivo atogamuchira zvikuru gare gare pakuvaka rokutanga pfungwa (1285), materesikopu (1450) , kwemaminitsi (1595).

Humwe kudzidza mananara chiedza akaita kutama geometrical optics kusvika chinozunguzirwa dzidziso chiedza, kuti Kuziviswa rinozikamwa kwatiri sezvo Huygens-Fresnel musimboti. Huygens kutanga akabvunza Newton pfungwa uye zvinganaka funga chiedza danda haisi sorukova duku tudonhwe mukuru-nyore, uye somunhu chinozunguzirwa. Chinozunguzirwa Dzidziso Huygens kwete chete zvakakwana akasimbisa mitemo geometrical optics, asi inokupai kwenguva itsva Kutarira ose mananara chiedza. Kutora mashoko kuti ose pfungwa svikiro umo chinozunguzirwa kupararira nekupedza kuva kunobva yechipiri mafungu, Huygens akakwanisa kutsanangura musimboti mutemo kuratidzwa chiedza uye nezvimwe mananara, kare rakarondedzerwa Newton kuti dzidziso. Asi hazvina richabereka tsanangudzo misimboti itsva pfungwa dzidziso diffraction, uye vatsigiri maonero Newton akanga vakawanda kuti gakava pamusoro neizvo chiedza kwemakore zana.

Tsanangudzo pfungwa "diffraction yechiedza," nheyo Huygens-Fresnel anopa maererano tsanangudzo kwayo pazviri ari wavelength. Ridzai seri korusvingo, tinonzwa chiedza Bends kunhivi chipingamupinyi haisi uye anopa mumvuri. Asi Huygens-Fresnel musimboti muenzaniso uyu hazvitadzise. Diffraction tinoberekwa chiedza mafungu, asi zviri kuoneka nokuda scantiness kwakakura pamusoro wavelength chiedza, kuti zvakanga hazvitomboiti kuchigadzira, uye chete Fresnel akakwanisa kutsanangura Fani iyi, aikwanisawo kuverenga wavelength wechiedza, chiri polmikrona (hafu kuzviuru ane millimeter) .

Kuita rakakura kukura uye uchapupu chokwadi chinozunguzirwa dzidziso chiedza negore regumi namapfumbamwe remakore, Fresnel vaiona mumwe havaoni ayo. zita rake akaburuka munhau yenyika sayenzi zvinokosha dzidziso, midzi nemanomwe Huygens remakore, rinonzi "Huygens-Fresnel musimboti."

Kana zvishoma muchidimbu, zvakanakira chinozunguzirwa dzidziso chiedza Huygens 'ndiko kutsanangura zviitiko zvakawanda kuti Newton kwakaita shanduro rwokuzvarwa chiedza haripi tsanangudzo. Nokuiswa chiedza mafungu kunotungamirira kuti Chiitiko zviri kukanganiswa, ari shaded zvikamu muchimiro pazvindori Newton pachake nyanzvi huru kugona kutsanangura. Pashure pezvose, mune dzidziso yake nokuiswa luminous fluxes kunofanira kubatana kuwedzera simba ravo. A kuratidzwa diffraction muchiedza chinozunguzirwa akakwanisa kusimbisa kuedza ake Fresnel pane kunetseka chose chokwadi chinozunguzirwa hunhu chiedza.

A chitsva Tarisa ehupfumi ane chiedza danda, iyo yakavakirwa Huygens-Fresnel musimboti vakaisa pasi, zvakasimbisa kukura pfungwa yesayenzi. Somugumisiro, takaona kwaita kuvamba ichi chive Laser (60 kuti 20 st.), Rakazova simba mudziyo mumaoko masayendisiti, zvokurapa technologists. Photographers vakakwanisa kusika ounyanzvi yavo vachishandisa filters, nyanzvi vanogona kudzidza murwiyo nyeredzi iri kure kure, uye yakawanda zvimwe zvinhu zvoupenyu hwevanhu makapfumiswa pamwe maonero matsva ari yezvakaita zvavo chiedza danda.