Neutrino PARTICIPLE: tsanangudzo, zvivako, tsanangudzo. neutrino oscillations - nayo ...

Neutrino - chinhu chepuraimari PARTICIPLE iri rakafanana Erekitironi, asi haana yemagetsi muripo. It ane guru vashomashoma, izvo angatokwanisa razero. Kubva mukanyiwa ari neutrino kunobva pakukurumidza. The musiyano panguva yokusvika uye PARTICIPLE danda riri 0,0006% (± 0,0012%). Muna 2011, zvakatanga panguva Opera kuedza kuti velocity akapfuudza sipidhi chiedza neutrinos, asi pasina ruzivo urwu haana nekusimbiswa.

The saonekwa PARTICIPLE

Ichi chimwe chezvinhu zvakafanana inoramba iri muchadenga. Sezvo interacts zviduku pamwe nyaya, zviri kusimba zvakaoma kuona. Maerekitironi uye neutrinos havabatanidzwi rinoita simba renyukireya, asi zvakaenzana ndiitewo simba. Nezvimedu rine ehupfumi dzakadaro dzinonzi leptons. Kuwedzera Erekitironi (positron uye antiparticle), akataura kuna mhosva leptons muon (200 Erekitironi guru), rokuti tau (3500 Erekitironi guru), uye avo antiparticle. Dzinonzi: Erekitironi, muon uye rokuti tau neutrinos. Mumwe nomumwe wavo ane antimaterial zvinoriumba, anonzi antineutrino.

Muon uye rokuti tau, sezvinoita Erekitironi, vane munyaya inoramba. It muon uye rokuti tau neutrinos. mhando nhatu nezvimedu zvakasiyana mumwe. Somuenzaniso, apo muon neutrinos anosangana kubaya, ivo nguva dzose pave muons uye haana rokuti tau kana maerekitironi. In maitiro nezvimedu, kunyange maerekitironi uye Erekitironi neutrinos vakasikwa uye kuparadzwa, makuru zvavo anoramba kuzochinja. Izvi zvinotisvitsa Kuparadzana leptons kupinda mhando nhatu, chimwe nechimwe ane munhu mhosva leptons uye munyaya neutrino.

Kuziva PARTICIPLE ichi kunodiwa hombe chaizvo uye zvikuru kugumbuka michina. Kazhinji, pamwe pasi simba neutrinos achava kufamba chiedza zhinji makore kubata pamwe nyaya. Somugumisiro, vose pasi kuedza navo kuvimba nokuyerwa chikamu chiduku kuti interacts pamwe registrars musoro saizi. Somuenzaniso, mune imwe neutrino Observatory Sudbury, rine 1,000 matani rinorema mvura inopfuura nomunyika detector pamusoro 1012 rezuva neutrinos por wechipiri. Vakawana 30 chete pazuva.

History yakawanikwa

Wolfgang Pauli kutanga postulated ariko nezvimedu muna 1930. Panguva iyoyo, paiva dambudziko, nokuti zvaiita kuti simba uye chisina kutsetseka tichimhanya havasi mudura Beta kuora. Asi Pauli akataura kuti kana pane asina chaibwinya neutrinos kuwirirana kwazvakarerekera PARTICIPLE, kuti simba kuchengetedza mutemo chichachengetwa. Italian yefizikisi Enrico Fermi muna 1934 vakava dzidziso Beta kuora, uye akamupa zita PARTICIPLE.

Pasinei zvose nezvakafanotaurwa kwemakore 20, neutrinos haagoni kuonekwa experimentally nokuda kwayo simba kusakarongeka pamwe nyaya. Nokuti inoramba vari electrically mhosva, havaiti zvinhu remagetsi masimba, uye, naizvozvo, havaiti kukonzera ionization yacho fuma. Uyezve, havana sei pamwe nenhumbi chete kuburikidza simba mukukurukurirana zvishomanana simba. Naizvozvo, ndivo kupfuura rakapinza subatomic nezvimedu vanokwanisa achipfuura guru nhamba kwemaatomu pasina kukonzera chero kuita. Chete 1 kusvika bhiriyoni 10 inoramba izvi achipfuura chinokosha achishandisa chinhambwe akaenzana dhayamita Nyika, zvaanoita pamwe protons kana Nyuturoni.

Pakupedzisira, muna 1956 boka American yefizikisi, akatungamirirwa Frederick Reines vakaudza kuwanikwa Erekitironi antineutrino. In kuedza nayo antineutrinos reactor airatidza yenyukireya, kuita pamwe hwepurotoni, zvichiumba neutrons uye positrons. Unique (uye kashoma) simba vakasaina neyokupedzisira ne-zvigadzirwa kwairatidza kuvapo PARTICIPLE.

Kuvhura mhosva leptons muons akanga pokutangira unozotevera kuziva rechipiri mhando neutrinos - muon. kuziviswa kwavo yakaitwa muna 1962 pahwaro migumisiro kuedza ari PARTICIPLE akisarareta. High-simba muons kuora neutrinos inoumbwa Pi-mesons uye kutungamirirwa detector kuitira kuti zvaigoneka kuongorora manzwiro avo pamwechete nenhumbi. Pasinei ivo vasiri reactive, uyewo dzimwe mhando inoramba, kwakaonekwa kuti zvisingawanzoitiki zviitiko apo ivo vakaitei nemashoko protons kana neutrons, muons, neutrinos muons, asi haana maerekitironi. Muna 1998, yefizikisi American Leon Lederman, Melvin Schwartz uye Dzhek Shteynberger vakanga paakavapa Nobel Prize muna wefizikisi nokuda kuziva muon-neutrinos.

Pakati pezana remakore kwema1970, neutrino wefizikisi vakawana imwe mhosva leptons mhando - rokuti tau. Vangararai-neutrino uye rokuti tau-antineutrinos vakanga nechokuita mhosva lepton ichi yechitatu. Muna 2000, yefizikisi paNational akisarareta Laboratory. Enrico Fermi yakashuma wokutanga experimental uchapupu nokuvapo ichi mhando inoramba.

uremu

mhando dzose neutrinos vane vakawanda, iri shoma zvikuru pane kuti vavo mhosva. Somuenzaniso, kuedza kuratidza kuti mukanyiwa yacho Erekitironi-neutrino kunge asingasviki 0,002% of Erekitironi gobvu uye mubatanidzwa negurumwandira akasiyana-siyana matatu inofanira kuva zvishoma pane 0.48 vara. Pfungwa kwemakore akawanda kuti mukanyiwa yacho PARTICIPLE ndiyo razero, kunyange pakanga pasina hunogutsa yokungotaura uchapupu, nei tichifanira kuva nzira. Zvadaro, muna 2002, Sudbury Neutrino Observatory rwaiwanikwa wokutanga zvakananga hwokuti Erekitironi neutrinos chaibwinya ne zvenyukireya kuchaita chinoumba kwezuva, chero bedzi napo, kuchinja mhando. Kwakadaro "oscillations" neutrino zvinogoneka kana mumwe kana kupfuura nezvimedu vane guru diki. Zvidzidzo zvavo nesungano pakati yepasi pose mwaranzi Mupasi muchadenga anoratidzawo pamberi vakawanda, asi mimwe kuedza inodiwa zvakanyatsorurama vanokurondedzera.

matura

Natural manyuko neutrinos - a radioactive kuora ose okunze mukati pasi, iyo chaibwinya guru aibuda yakaderera-simba Erekitironi-antineutrino. Supernovae vari advantageously neutrino Fani, sezvo nezvimedu izvi zvinogona chete pinda hyperdense zvinhu kuumbwa mune collapsing nyeredzi; chete chiduku chikamu simba iri vatendeukira chiedza. Masvomhu inoratidza kuti anenge 2% kubva rezuva simba - simba neutrinos achiumbwa zvinoitwa yenyukireya Fusion. Kunenge kuti vakawanda yerima nyaya wezvose rinoumbwa pakati neutrinos anobudiswa panguva Big Bang.

Physics matambudziko

Areas chokuita neutrino zvokuongorora nyeredzi, nyika, uye dzakasiyana uye nokukurumidza Virtual. Current nyaya zvinokwezva vazhinji experimental uye yokungotaura kuita, zvinotevera:

• Ndezvipi dzakasiyana neutrino zvavo?
• Sei kukanganisa cosmology, kuti Big Bang?
• Ivo oscillate?
• Vanogona imwe mhando neutrino ichichinja mumwe vachienda kuburikidza nyaya uye nzvimbo?
• Ko neutrinos vangasimudzira vakasiyana antiparticles dzavo?
• How richaparara chokuumba supernova Stars?
• Chii basa neutrinos mu cosmology?

Mumwe dzakaita makore dzichipiwa matambudziko kufarira dambudziko neutrino anonzi kwezuva. zita iri rinoreva kuti munguva pano kuedza akawanda kuitwa mumakore 30 apfuura, nguva vakaona nezvimedu muduku pane zvakafanira kuti pave simba airatidza ne zuva. Chimwe Zvingangokubatsirai ndiye oscillation, kureva. E. Kushandurwa Erekitironi neutrinos kuti muon kana rokuti tau panguva rwendo Panyika. Saka sei zvikuru zvakaoma kuyera yakaderera-simba muon kana rokuti tau neutrinos, tishandurwe mhando ichi chikonzero nei zvatisingaoni zvakarurama uwandu nezvimedu Panyika.

Chechina Nobel Prize

Nobel Prize muna Physics 2015 yakanga paakavapa kuna Takaaki Kaji uye Arthur MacDonald nokuda kuonekwa ari neutrino vakawanda. Izvi zvakanga wechina akafanana mubayiro chokuita experimental kuyerwa nezvimedu izvi. Mumwe vangafarira mubvunzo wokuti nei tichifanira hanya zvikuru chinhu kuti kwangopera kushamwaridzana zvavo nyaya.

Chokwadi chokuti tinogona kuziva ephemeral nezvimedu izvi, ndizvo testamendi kuti nenjere dzevanhu. Sezvo mitemo quantum Vanamakanika, probabilistic, tinoziva kuti, pasinei nokuti vanenge vose neutrinos nomunyika Earth, vamwe vavo vachava kushamwaridzana nayo. The detector anokwanisa zvakakwana guru saizi rinonyoreswa.

mudziyo wokutanga kwakadaro yakavakwa muna sixties, yakadzika mumugodhi muSouth Dakota. Nomubato ikazara muna 400 zviuru. L rokutsvaira Urume. Paavhareji munhu PARTICIPLE neutrino daily interacts pamwe Atomu kuiisa chlorine, vachichinja kuva argon. Kusimba, Raymond Davis, akanga kukonzera detector, yakaitwa nzira nokuda kuziva miedzo vakawanda argon maatomu, uye makumi mana gare gare, muna 2002, nokuti ichi chinoshamisa ouinjiniya Feat akanga paakavapa Nobel Prize.

asitironomi itsva

Nekuti neutrinos dyidzana saka zvakaneta vanogona kufamba madaro marefu. Ivo tipei zvishoma kupinda nzvimbo zvimwe hatingambodi zvatakaona. Neutrinos padzakacherechedza Davis, aumba somugumisiro zvenyukireya siyana kwakaitika mumwoyo kwezuva, uye vakakwanisa kuenda ichi chinopa gobvu uye inopisa chigaro chete nekuti havadi kushamwaridzana nevamwe nyaya. Unogona kunyange kuziva neutrinos chaibwinya kubva pakati ane raputika nyeredzi kure anodarika chiuru zana chiedza makore kubva Earth.

Uyezve, inoramba izvi kuti tikwanise kuchengeta zvose zvayo pamwero vashomashoma, duku zvikuru pane vaya zvinogona tarisa Large Hadron Collider kuGeneva, vakawana Higgs boson. Chikonzero ichi kuti Nobel Committee vakasarudza mubayiro unonzi Nobel Prize pamusana yawanikwa neutrino imwe mhando.

asinganzwisisiki kushota

Apo Ray Davis akacherechedza rezuva neutrinos, akawana chete chetatu kutarisirwa uwandu. yefizikisi Most vanodavira kuti chikonzero ichi ndicho ruzivo varombo zvokuongorora nyeredzi, nyika yacho Sun: zvichida chakapenya subsoil muenzaniso dzakanaka huwandu zvinoberekwa kwayo neutrino. Kunyange zvakadaro, kwemakore akawanda, kunyange pashure gwenya yokutevedzera kwakavandudza, ari dhefisiti akaramba. Dzephysics Aizvirumbidza mumwe zvaungataura ndezvokuti: dambudziko raigona kwakabatana manzwisisire atinoita nezvimedu izvi. Maererano dzidziso, ipapo nesimba havana kuva uremu. Asi vamwe dzephysics nharo kuti chaizvoizvo zvacho vane kamwoyo guru, uye uremu ichi chaiva chikonzero vasina.

Three-Faced PARTICIPLE

Maererano dzidziso neutrino oscillations, zvakasikwa, kune mhando nhatu dzakasiyana vavo. Kana PARTICIPLE ane guru, kuti sezvo chinoita inogona kupfuura kubva imwe mhando kune mumwe. Three Marudzi - maerekitironi, muons uye rokuti tau - ari kudyidzana pamwe fuma inogona kuchinjwa kuti unoenderana mhosva PARTICIPLE (Erekitironi uye muon rokuti tau leptons). "Oscillation" imhaka quantum Vanamakanika. neutrino mhando hakusi kugara. Zvinochinja pamusoro nguva. Neutrinos, rakatanga kuvapo kwayo sezvo e-mail, unogona kurichinja kuva muon, uye ipapo shure. Saka, mumwe PARTICIPLE, kuumbwa chinoumba kwezuva, munzira kuenda Pasi inogona nguva dzikwanise muon neutrinos ndiEzekieri. Sezvo Davis detector aigona kuona chete Erekitironi-neutrinos, izvo zvingaita kuti transmutation yenyukireya kuti kuiisa chlorine muna argon, zvaiita here kuti chisipo neutrino ikava mamwe marudzi. (Zvakaratidza kuti neutrinos oscillate mukati Sun, uye kwete nenzira Pasi).

The Canadian chiedzwa

The chete nzira yokuedza ichi chaiva kusika munhu detector kuti aishandira zvose zvitatu marudzi neutrinos. Kutanga kubva 90s Arthur McDonald Mambokadzi wacho University mu Ontario, akatungamirira chikwata, iro rinoitwa mumugodhi muna Sudbury, Ontario. Installation rine matani inorema mvura, akapa chikwereti nehurumende Canada. mvura Heavy hakuwanzowaniki, asi vokuitirwa yokuvamba chimiro mvura, sezvamakaropafadzwa hydrogen ine imwe hwepurotoni kuchatsiviwa kwayo kwakanyanya isotope deuterium, iyo unotora hwepurotoni uye Nyuturoni. hurumende yeCanada Vakaunganidza mvura rinorema, m. K. Rinoshandiswa ari coolant ari reactor kwenyukireya. All mhando nhatu neutrinos aigona kuparadza deuterium kuumbika protons uye neutrons, ivo neutrons uye ipapo vachiverenga. Detector vakanyorwa inenge katatu nhamba ichienzaniswa Davis - chaizvo mari kuti zvakanakisisa vakaprofita Sun yokutevedzera. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti Erekitironi-neutrinos anogona oscillate mune mamwe marudzi ayo.

Japanese chiedzwa

Around iyoyowo, Takaaki Kadzita kubva University of Tokyo vakapfuudzira mumwe kuedza kunoshamisa. A detector akatasva ari nomubato muJapan akanyora neutrinos kuuya kwete kubva mukati kwezuva, uye kubva yokumusoro mumhepo. In hwepurotoni kwemotokari kuti yepasi pose mwaranzi pamwe muchadenga vari vakaumba wokunaya zvimwe zvacho, kusanganisira muon neutrinos. Munguva yangu vari kutendeukira rehydrogen nuclei mu muons. Detector Kadzity aigona kuona nezvimedu kuuya nenzira mbiri. Vamwe vakawa kubva kumusoro, achibva mhepo, apo vamwe vari kutamira kubva pasi. Kuwanda nezvimedu zvakasiyana, kuti wakataura pamusoro zvavo zvakasiyana hunhu - Ivo vakanga vakasiyana pfungwa dzayo oscillatory yatinofema.

Revolution mu Science

Zvose zvekumwe uye zvinoshamisa, asi nei neutrino oscillations uye mukanyiwa ndirumbidzwe zvikuru? Chikonzero chacho chiri pachena. In mureza muenzaniso chepuraimari PARTICIPLE wefizikisi, yakatanga pamusoro okupedzisira makumi mashanu makore maviri remakore, izvo zvakarurama anorondedzera zvose vamwe achicherechedza accelerators uye dzimwe kuedza, kuti neutrinos vaifanira kuva massless. Kuwanikwa neutrino gobvu rinoratidza kuti pane chimwe chiri kushaika. The Standard Model haasi wakakwana. Chitima zvinhu asi kuti yakawanikwa - achibatsirwa ari Large Hadron Collider kana mumwe, haasati akasika rakapotsa muchina.