History of genetics (zvishoma). Nhoroondo pokumuka genetics muRussia

Biology - Bhuku iri sayenzi chaizvo kuti anofukidza zvose zvinoumba upenyu kurarama wose, kubva maumbirwo microstructures ayo mukati mumuviri uye kupedza kutaurirana pamwe kwokunze ezvinhu uye pezvakasikwa. Ndokusaka zvikamu mukuranga ichi kwazvo. Zvisinei, rimwe jaya, asi zvinovimbisa uye vane nhasi kukosha ndechokuti genetics. It yakatanga pashure kupfuura vamwe, asi akakwanisa kuva chinonyanya rokukurumidzira, zvinokosha uye vhoriyamu sayenzi, iyo ine yayo zvinangwa, zvinangwa uye chinhu kudzidza. Funga nhoroondo pokumuka genetics uye kuti ichi ndicho davi zvipenyu.

Dzinza rako: nyaya uye chinangwa kudzidza

Zita nesayenzi chete muna 1906 panguva pfungwa ane wokuEngland Bateson. Zvaraireva anogona kupiwa sezvinotevera: ndiko kurangwa kuti vanodzidza zvigadziriswe yedzinza uye ayo variability dzakasiyana mhando zvipenyu. Naizvozvo, mukuru chinangwa ndiko elucidate masero ari zvivako anokonzera nokupfuuridzirwa nhaka unhu, uye kudzidza musimboti kwacho.

Midziyo kudzidza vari:

• miti;
• mhuka;
• mabhakitiriya;
• howa;
• vanhu.

Saka, vakafukidza vose pfungwa umambo zvakasikwa, kwete kukanganwa chero vamiririri. Zvisinei, kuti dziti zvikuru kupfeka norwizi tsvakurudzo ndiwo nyore chete-celled zvisikwa, zvose pamusoro genetics kuedza kuitwa pamusoro pavo, uyewo utachiona.

Kuti tisvike migumisiro ikozvino kuwanikwa, nhoroondo genetics yasvika refu uye nematambudziko kutasva. In dzakasiyana nguva kuti rave pasi zvakasimba kukura, kuti yokukanganwa wakakwana. Zvisinei, pakupedzisira akanga achiri panzvimbo yayo yakakodzera pakati mhuri zvoutachiona anoranga.

History of genetics Development zvishoma

Kurondedzera mikuru kwawakabva wokusanganiswa vaiona davi zvipenyu, zvakakodzera kutaura ari kudaro kure kare. Namarudzi kutanga anotora genetics yacho XIX remakore. Uye pamutemo musi wokuberekwa kwayo sechinhu zvachose chirango munyaya 1900.

Panzira, kana tinotaura zvikuru kare pamusoro kwakatangira, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuedza kudyara maberekero, crossbreeding mhuka kare. Shure zvose, izvi zvakaitwa varimi nevachengeti vezvipfuwo ari XV remakore. Just chakaitika haisi esayenzi maonero.

Table "History of genetics" ishe kwayo munhoroondo nguva chikuru inotungamirwa.

Tafura kumusoro muchidimbu nhoroondo genetics hunoratidzwa. Next, ngatimboonai muudzame huru kuwanikwa zvakasiyana nguva.

zvakawanwa Major of XIX remakore

The chikuru basa iri nguva raiva basa masayendisiti matatu kubva kunyika dzakasiyana:

• Holland G. de Vries - kudzidza zvinoitwa nhaka unhu mu VaNefirimu zvizvarwa siyana;
• K. Correns muGermany - akaita zvimwechete muenzaniso wezviyo;
• Austria K. Cermak - akadzokorora kuedza kuti Mendel riri pizi rokudyara.

Zvakawanikwa zvose izvi zvaibva akanyorwa makore 35 akanga adarika basa Gregor Mendel, uyo akapedza kudzidza kwemakore akawanda uye migumisiro hwakanyorwa mabasa zvesayenzi. Zvisinei, mashoko aya ha- vafarire vakararama panguva yake.

Panguva imwe chete nhoroondo genetics rinosanganisira dzinoverengeka Zvakawanikwa chidzidzo dzevanhu utachiona masero uye mhuka. Zvinonzi kwakaratidza kuti vamwe hunhu kuti nhaka, vari wakaiswa kuchinja. Vamwe vari dzakananga nechimwe Muviri kuita mugumisiro kuchinjira kumamiriro dzezvakatipoteredza ezvinhu. Basa rakanga raitwa Strasburger, Chistyakov, Flemming nevamwe vazhinji.

Kukura nesayenzi muna XX remakore

Sezvo pamutemo musi kubereka 1900, hazvishamisi kuti munhoroondo XX remakore rakanga kugadzira genetics. Hybridological nzira tsvakurudzo, akasika nguva ino, vachibvumira zvishoma asi zvirokwazvo kuwana rakakura zvabuda.

Pakusikwa mberi itsva zvemichina runoita kuti atarire microstructure - chinotova mberi kukura genetics mberi. Saka, zvakatanga:

• DNA uye RNA mamiriro;
• zvigadziriswe kwetunhu kwavo uye kuberekana;
• mapuroteni Morekuru;
• Kunyanya nhaka uye chengetedzo;
• localization nomunhu vatambi vari okutodza;
• kunotouraya vavo kuratidzwa;
• Akanga kuwana kurapa majini midziyo muchitokisi.

Zvichida chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha aiva achiongorora zvaive DNA iyi yakawanikwa. Izvi zvaitwa Watson uye Crick muna 1953. Muna 1941, yakanga zvakaratidza kuti zviratidzo zviri encoded mu mapuroteni mamorekuru. Kubva 1944 kusvika 1970, akaita kunonyanyisa hwomukova marongerwo mumunda, uye kuberekana DNA uye RNA tsika.

genetics ano

Nhoroondo pokumuka genetics somunhu sainzi panguva ino Danho kunoratidzwa muna intensification zvayo nzira dzakasiyana. Handiti, nhasi varipo:

• nemagene ouinjiniya ;
• samolecular genetics;
• zvokurapa midziyo;
• uwandu hwevanhu;
• nemwaranzi uye nevamwe.

Chechipiri hafu XX uye pakutanga XXI remakore, nokuti akapiwa chirango ichaongororwa kuva genomic yaitonga. Pashure pezvose, masayendisiti uno kupindira zvakananga yose majini emuviri muviri, dzidza yokugadziridza nayo mugwara rakanaka, kuzvidzora pezvakaitwa kuitika ipapo, kuderedza pathological kuratidzwa, kuti varege zvachose.

Nhoroondo pokumuka genetics muRussia

In nyika yedu, vaitirei sainzi waitanga ndichibvunza inotungamirwa kusvikira yechipiri yezana XX remakore. The ndechokuti kwenguva yakareba, paiva nenguva kurega kunotanga. Ndiwo ushe Stalin uye Khrushchev. Zviri ichi nhoroondo nguva paiva mahwanda iri madenderedzwa zvesayenzi. T. D. Lysenko, uyo aiva simba, akati kuti vose zvidzidzo mumunda genetics hazvisi kushanda. Uye iye haasi sayenzi zvachose. Vabatanidze rutsigiro Stalin, ndizvo zvose chinozivikanwa nhaka kwezvinhu iyoyo akatuma avaurayisa. Pakati pavo:

• Vavilov;
• Serebrovskii;
• mhete;
• Four-uye vamwe.

Vazhinji dzakamanikidzwa kuchinja zvinodiwa Lysenko kudzivisa rufu uye kuramba kutsvakurudza. Vamwe vakatama kuUnited States nedzimwe nyika.

Chete pashure achipindira pasi Khrushchev genetics muRussia yawana rusununguko muna kukura uye ndichibvunza kukura.

Masayendisiti Russian nhaka kwezvinhu

Chinonyanya kukosha zvakawanwa kuti kudada sayenzi iri mubvunzo, simbi, uye avo vari vakaziva ne vomunyika yedu. Nhoroondo pokumuka genetics mu Russia hwakabatana nemazita akadai:

• Nikolay Ivanovich Vavilov (kudzidza chirimwa kutapata, mutemo homologous series, etc.);
• Nikolay Konstantinovich Koltsov (kwemakemikari mutagenesis);
• NV Timofeev-Resovsky (muvambi nemwaranzi genetics);
• V. V. Saharov (hunhu kunotouraya);
• ME Lobashev (munyori emirayiridzo pamusoro genetics);
• A. S. Serebrovsky;
• K. A. Timiryazev;
• NP Dubinin nevamwe vazhinji.

Zvawanyora anoenderera mberi kwenguva refu, nekuti nguva dzose pfungwa Russian makuru mumaindasitiri zvose uye minda yesayenzi.

Nezvemaitiro sainzi: zvokurapa genetics

Nhoroondo kukura zvokurapa genetics yakatanga kwokutanga zvikuru kupfuura zvavo sayenzi. Pashure pezvose, kare XV-XVIII emakore zvave vaudzewo Fani pamusoro enhaka kutapurirana zvirwere zvakadai:

• polydactyly;
• hemophilia;
• budiriro chorea;
• pfari, uye vamwe.

makunakuna kunaka basa noutano uye zvinoitika kukura wevana paakagadzwa. Nhasi, chikamu kubva genetics chinhu chinokosha chaizvo nzvimbo wemishonga. Pamusoro pazvo, anobvumira kuti kudzora zviratidzo uye kusunga nemagene kunotouraya zhinji panguva padariro embryo kukura azvarwa.

dzevanhu genetics

Nhoroondo pokumuka genetics yevanhu yakatanga papfuura General genetics. Pashure pezvose, tarisa mukati chromosome kwevanhu midziyo chinoitwa zvikwanisike chete nokushandisa kupfuura ano hwokugadzira midziyo uye kutsvakurudza nzira.

Man rava nyaya genetics pakutanga tichitaura zvokurapa. Zvisinei, zvinokosha zviri nhaka uye kuchinjwa zvigadziriswe kuti kusimbisa uye tiratidze vari vana vanhu hapana chakasiyana neyemhuka. Saka hachisi zvakakodzera kushandisa chinhu ekudzidza kwevanhu.