Population: mienzaniso, unhu, uwandu hwevanhu kukura

Zvirokwazvo une zvimwe nzwisisei chii vemo. Mienzaniso uye tsanangudzo dzawo dzose taiva zvipenyu mukirasi. In chikoro mabhuku okuchikoro, nhamba iyi chakafukidzwa zvizere. Asi kana imi kugadzirira bvunzo kana uchida kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro chii yevagari (mienzaniso, unhu, simba), munyaya ino ichava richishanda kwauri.

Species akaparadzirwa muenzaniso datya

The Vagari chero mhando richiparadzirwa vanoiswa iri nzvimbo, zvizere maererano kuvazivisa zvavanoisa: dzine panzvimbo imwe, mumwe chinhu. Izvi zvakasiyana chaivo. Asi apo tinoita kutanga kufunga dingindira "vemo"? Mienzaniso ingakubatsira kuona chii chaizvo kuparadzirwa zvipenyu pasi redu.

Dzinodyiwa datya kwakakurumbira Europe yose. Asi kashoma kuti mumwe munhu angafunga kuti kutsvaka matatya ari yakaoma nemipaini dondo kana dombo hova. Yavanogara marshes, pedyo madziva nedzimwe nyoro nzvimbo. dzinogarisana kwakadaro kunyange anowanikwa munyika yose, asi asingaiti zvachose kufukidza yose Europe. Nokudaro, matatya vari vanoiswa anoparadzirwa, mapoka. Mapoka aya evanhu angava makuru kana madiki, huripo vaviri makore kana emakore. Zvikurukuru nyoro gore, apo mumwe nizinka vakazadzwa mvura kubva doro matatya anotambanuka tichishandisa kure uye vanogona kunyange kuita kuti pave neimwe yakawanda nguva mudziva. Asi yakaoma muzhizha gandwa unoomesa, uye zvose akazviratidza pano muchiedza matatya kufa. Panopera, uye nhoroondo pfupi iri boka duku.

Kukosha kuti shanduka zvichaitirwa boka matatya, nguva dzose aigara guru doro. Nokuveza, ipapo vachiwanda - zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu muupenyu - chavagari hombe doro matatya zvingava mazana mazhinji kana zviuru nezvizvarwa. Upenyu boka vakadaro mberi vashoma voga kubva mamwe mapoka, sezvo imwe huru nomumachakwi pedyo ne zvakakodzera mamiriro ezvinhu mazhinji ariko anogona riri makumi makiromita kubva pakutanga. Kunyange zvazvo datya muupenyu hwake, Chokwadi, achatora dzinokwana makumi makiromita, hapana zvakasikwa proskachet makiromita gumi yakarurama mutsetse.

The mwero voga kwemarudzi

Chokwadi, doro redu harina kure nevamwe zvachose. Shuramurove inobhururuka pamusoro pake, iye anoda kunovhima haisi pamusoro payo, uye pamusoro doro pedyo, uye kuti haasi arasikirwe nechinhu kukurira gumi nevaviri makiromita, anogona kusiyira wedu datya dziva, rakagadzirirwa manyana ake. Ducks kana mamwe waterfowl, achibhururuka pano muchirimo, inogona kuita kuti mazai mashoma kupinda imwezve mvura, riri panzira wayo; kana uri rombo, mazai anogona kuva mumwe, chinoshamisa kwazvo nzvimbo. Zviitiko zvakadai Chokwadi, tiri mashoma chaizvo, asi nguva kunodiwa kuitika nguva nenguva.

Musafunga kuti upenyu mapoka oga kwakadaro kunoratidzwa chete nevagari marshes nemamwe zvitunha mvura. Nyuchi Chidembo, pachena zvinoonekwa panyika murwi inokura pamusoro usiku, munewo chete munzvimbo akakodzera upenyu ichi Mbeswa mhuka - muminda, pamupendero yomudondo. Rukato iripo chete apo pane mamiriro ezvinhu akanaka pamusoro chirimwa ichi: unyengeri uye ivhu riri akapfuma senitrogen. Zviri nyore kubhururuka kubva panzvimbo imwe kusvika bhatafurayi, izvo, sokuti, unogona kurarama pose, kusangana nechimwe zvakasimba panzvimbo yayo: NYMPHALIS ANTIOPA mumasango Birch, Belyanko pane dzimwe crucifers, uye zvichingodaro.

Pano tinosvika nokuongorora pfungwa "kwevanhu". Definition uye maitiro kwayo vanoonekwa pazasi. Tinotanga Chokwadi, pamwe chete chinonyanya kukosha - nokutsunga.

Pfungwa uye maitiro vokuparidzira

arambe achirema hwevanhu nechepakati chero mhando, izvo anoramba kwenguva refu, akadana vanhu. Its kupfuura chinokosha chiri majini kubatana: vanhu vari muboka yakadaro uye kurarama pedyo nepedyo, anogona zvisangane kakawanda kupfuura vanhu kuva vanhu vakasiyana. Shanduka kunokosha, Chokwadi, kuti ichi chinhu kupanana magene mashoko: chokwadi vana kuwana hafu okutodza kubva mumwe mubereki nehafu - nevamwe. Naizvozvo, kana pairing wandei kumarudzi, nerimwe boka revanhu kwadzo ndiko, sokunge rimwe guru ezvinhu neumwe akagadzirwa enhaka Maitiro - kuvabereki mari, kana Gene dziva.

The Exchange pakati yakavakidzana vanhu

Apo vanhu Exchange pakati dzakavakidzana vanhu zviri zvinooneka guru zvakasikwa pane mashoma muzana muchizvarwa chimwe nechimwe, ipapo chaizvo nokukurumidza mapoka maviri kuva mukuru ehupfumi kweShanduro vaiitawo basa majini zvinhu. Kana Exchange chete kwete kupfuura vashomanana por zviuru muchizvarwa chimwe nechimwe, mumwe vagari mhuka kana zvirimwa "anoramba ruvara kwayo." Mune mamwe manzwi, ndiye panguva imwe chete chikamu kunzwisisa ezvinhu ane muzvizhinji kuti vanhu, akadana maonero.

Daro panguva iyo vanhu vanotama

Zvino zviri pachena nei zvichikosha chaizvo kuziva kuti kure ari zvinofamba zvipenyu zvakasikwa uye, Chikurukuru, sei kure vanogona kusimuka majini dzavo uye kushandisa navo runotevera. Kuti uzive hazvina kudaro nyore: zvakakodzera kutara, kusunungurwa uye zvakare kubata mhando dzakawanda mhuka, kuti vaone sei kure chaizvo anoparadzira mukume miti yakasiyana vakawarira mbeu dzavo. Zvakabuda zvidzidzo izvi zvakanga zvikurukuru zvinoshamisa.

Range kuti kupararira mhuka nemiti nemhaka yokukara

Chii ndima inogona kutora vanhu? Mienzaniso kuti tichatonga kupa kuona kumiririrwa ichi.

shanu chete kubva rembudzi zana wekudondo, nondo kutiza chinhambwe 10 km kubva panzvimbo wechigarire dzokugara, uye ruzhinji zvose upenyu musi munharaunda imwe dhayamita ose 3 km. North America chena-tailed nondo , zvakare, 5 chete% kutarisirwa kuti upenyu hwavo hwose kusvikira chinhambwe 10 km nenzira yakarurama mutsetse, uye ruzhinji kwevanhu (95% vanhu) mhenyu munharaunda imwe dhayamita anenge mumwe nehafu makiromita. Uye mhuka tsuro, uye European netsuro vazvibate kwazvo senondo. Field dhimba vari vakawanda hakurevi kubhururuka kwoupenyu hwose mhiri mamita 400 kubva tagging yacho. A guru American mvura rodent muskrat zvino vazadze madziva akakodzera zvinenge vose Northern Eurasia, asingadi kuenda mhiri 1 km kubva Kunyora nzvimbo, navazhinji nemhuka kurarama zvose ake upenyu nzvimbo imwe nharaunda dzinenge 100 m.

Uye zviri kuremekedza ichi, chirimwa vemo? Mienzaniso kupararira mukume zvinoratidza kuti ayo daro hakusi zvakasiyana zvikuru mune dzimwe mhuka. Oak mukume mudondo Somuenzaniso, akatakurwa nemhepo chete mashomanana zana mamita.

Champion kupararira kure teals vaiva mhuka. Wakanyorwa muEngland kako Teal wazvakataura ipapo ruminant zviuru makiromita kubva dendere; nomusi Kola Peninsula uye Arkhangelsk Region, Iceland uye Belarus.

uwandu hwevanhu ndima

Zvose pamusoro nenhamba zvinoratidza, vamwe nharaunda zvingavatorera nevanhu akasiyana kwemarudzi, chinhambwe yakakwana kuti pedyo mapoka kuva kure nepedyo. Zvitsaurei Nhamba yevanhu vanogara nemharapara yenondo vanogona kurarama duku anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri mugomo ari nechokure vemakumi makiromita, boka duku zvinogona riri makiromita maviri kubva mumwe, asi vanhu vose duck, sezviri pachena, ndokwenguva nzvimbo kusvika yose Europe. Nenzira, guru kukura nharaunda vakawanda duck zvakanaka refu katyamadza masayendisiti kutsanangura chokwadi: zvinosiyana zvinoshamisa yakaderera volatility, uye pakati pavo, kusafanana nedzimwe shiri dzakawanda, kashoma kusiyanisa subtypes. Zvino zvakava pachena kuti vose duck imwe mhando ndezvaMwari mumwe kana chaizvo nevanhu vashoma. Vanoramba piringisha nemumwe, saka hapana kuunganidza zvitsva zviri mune chikamu kuwanda hakuitiki.

vanhu

Saka, zviri dzinoratidzwa simba, asi kwete Mhedziso voga nevavakidzani vayo. Nokuda kwaizvozvi akachengetedzwa uye vakaramba kuti mavambo ari majini ndiri neimwe.

Chimwe chinokosha chakanangana VOKUPARIDZIRA - nhamba, kureva nhamba yaro constituent vanhu. How vanhu vazhinji yaisanganisira mariri? Mubvunzo uyu unonetsa kupindura zvinonyatsoteerera, kubva kwakasiyana mhando nemhuka nezvirimwa inhamba zvakasiyana. In zvipembenene - zvakadai Umhutu - mune imwe vemo kungasanganisira mamiriyoni evanhu. The Vagari imwe mhando dragonflies pagungwa pedyo netaundi Orekhovo-Zuevo muMoscow - vanhu vanenge zviuru 30, uye uwandu mapoka anoverengeka madzvinyu muKazakhstan aibva mashomanana zana ane chiuru vashomanana. Asi mashoko akadaro mashoma, uye masayendisiti haasati kuziva chaizvo zvinodzidziswa nevanhu kunyange rakajairika kwemarudzi.

kuona kukura dambudziko

Nhasi, dambudziko iri Haasisina kungova yokungotaura. Kuti aponese chero chinokosha mhando kuziva shoma nhamba yevanhu, umo anokwanisa kuwana nguva refu kuvapo. Kujekesa kukosha dambudziko iri, zvakakodzera kuwedzera kuti nhamba yevanhu iri nguva dzose anenge vagari: kakati, dzimwe nguva ari mumazana, uye dzimwe nguva zviuru nguva. The Vagari mhuka huru, paavhareji, zvinosanganisira asingasviki mazana mashomanana vanhu, haagoni kurarama kwenguva yakareba zvakakwana. Kukura diki boka tichikufunga - kungoti somugumisiro zvisingadzivisiki nokufamba kwenhamba, zvikuru netsaona - zvingaderedzwa kuti razero.

Nokuti chokuti akapfuurira kuvapo vanhu duku kwakaoma zvisingaiti, masayendisiti vakawanda chokwadi izvi, akadai ziso opener sezvo "Kuwanikwa 'of Scottish Loch Florida akawanda prehistoric nezvinokambaira. All muri vashoma hofori yakanga yakareba kubva anyangarika.

Evolution vokuparidzira

vanhu ava angangokuvadza vasingafi, vanogona kuvapo chero bedzi hapana kunyangarika ezvinhu zvakanaka kwavari. Asi panguva imwe chete, chero, kunyange akanaka ezvinhu, mapoka aya kubvira nguva nenguva zvishoma chinja. Mune mamwe manzwi, mhindumupindu vemo.

New kunotouraya zvakasikwa kuonekwa nguva dzose, kunyange zvazvo mwero izvi achiri pasi. Zvisinei, nokufamba kwenguva, izvozvo achiri kuchinja majini masikirwo vemo. Chokwadi, hapana mutation, kunyange gumi haigoni hazvina kuzvichinja. Zvisinei, vanounganidza nezvizvarwa, haana kuratidzwa ichi kana kuti wemishonga nevabereki zvaisazogona. Kana mubatanidzwa uyu kubudirira, shure chizvarwa kana vanhu vaviri zvingava muboka iri izhinji, nekuti icho yekudyidzana kuchinja majini Zvinoumba vemo. The goho imwe mutation iri shanduka munhandare - chiitiko chinokosha zvikuru muupenyu hwangu seboka, uye rose kwemarudzi. It iduku danho iri shanduka kwacho, asi matanho akadaro uye anovandudza yose chikuru shanduka kwacho.

Saka, isu muchidimbu mibvunzo musoro unoti "Population". Definition, mienzaniso uye maitiro nayo akaratidzwa munyaya. Tinovimba ruzivo urwu unobatsira iwe.