Radioactivity - chikomborero ngozi

Just anopfuura zana adarika kwainzi zviduku Atomu sezvingatarisirwa kuitika nezvimedu, dzinogara uye indivisible. Asi pfungwa yesayenzi havana mirai, mutizi pfungwa dzevanhu vakatsvaka zvakawanda kusimudza chifukidzo pachivande pamusoro ehupfumi ose okunze. Zvino, panguva pakuguma XIX remakore yefizikisi French Becquerel, kuitisa kutsvakurudza kuti maekisirei, netsaona kufarira nemwaranzi chaibwinya nokuda uranium exchange munyu. Saka muna 1896 raiva kuwanikwa radioactivity - ichi ndicho chinonyanya pachena uchapupu divisibility pakati atomu.

Masayendisiti ave achifarira zvikuru buri, uye renyeredzi matarenda yefizikisi yakazvipira kuti kuridzidza. Somugumisiro, kazhinji kuunza paaritari nesayenzi utano hwavo. Pamusana kwavari, zvino tinoziva kuti radioactivity - kutanga kwaitika vaingoerekana akabuda nezvimedu zvakasiyana maererano nuclei zvimwe zvinhu, umo pamusoro nguva chinoumba kutamira rakasiyana pakusava, uye avo parameters vanochinjwa.

Maatomu ose radioactive zvinhu emit nezvimedu uye remagetsi nemwaranzi. Pakati pavo pane zvinotevera:

- Alpha nezvimedu (α) vari nokuyerera ionized zvachose nehelium maatomu, kutamira pamwero zviuru 20 km / s, uye ndine mano kupinda mumhepo pane chinhambwe masendimita 10 Batisisa nezvimedu izvi risapinda kupinda unogona zvipfeko, bepa, dehwe womunhu .. . Asi rakapinza kupinda mumuviri, ivo kukuvadza chinokosha;

- beta nezvimedu (β) - iri kutsanya maerekitironi (kana positrons), iro rine kuerera velocity pedyo velocity chiedza. Ravo kupinda vanokwanisa mumhepo iri yepamusoro zvikuru - kusvika 5 - 20 M A chengeta navo imwe aruminiyamu jira wandei millimeters gobvu achaita .;

- wegamma mwaranzi (γ) - yomuka panguva zvenyukireya mukukurukurirana uye transformations nezvimedu remagetsi nemwaranzi ane pfupi chaizvo wavelength. Rakapinza mano ichi mhando nemwaranzi kunyange yakakwirira kuti rinogona kuchengeta chete gobvu kutungamirira pepa kana rukoko nekongiri.

In dzinoverengeka kwatangwa zvenyukireya siyana iri chaibwinya kwazvakarerekera nezvimedu - neutrons rakapinza simba uyo pamusoro chinhu γ-mwaranzi - ivo nomumvura kutungamirira-kuti akawanda mamita paukobvu.

Zvinozivikanwa kuti radioactivity - a chepfuma kuti kungava kuri muna hunhu okunze uye anogona kuitwa mumarabhoritari nzira. Chakagadzirwa radioactivity sezvayakawanikwa kare muna 30-ies ose XX remakore.

Sources rwokuzvarwa mwaranzi zvakawanda. It pachayo iri Pasi, uye nzvimbo, uye simba renyukireya miti pamwe tsvina yavo, uye zvinhu zvine maatomu akafanana zviri nevhu uye zvokuvakisa, uye vakawanda zvemumba. Asi vanhu ava edza kufunga.

Kune akawanda namano kuti ayere radioactivity dzakabatana zvakare zvakasiyana. The hweBazi - the becquerel (Bq), akaenzana disintegration imwe wechipiri. Common dzakabatana dzinoshandiswa: maekisirei, Curie. Kunyura dose kunoyerwa muzvikamu rad kana pfumbu. Zvinoitika zvoutachiona zvinenge dzinoongororwa mu rem kana sievert.

Natural radioactive zvinhu emit nezvimedu bombarding isu hwose. Mumwe zvinotisimbisa dzokuteerera nguva vanoita chakagadzirwa hurongwa - dzinogarwa uye mune zvokutengeserana. Kunyange uwandu dzinongoitika zvinhu kwave zvishoma kwakakwidziridzwa nechekumashure nemwaranzi. Somuenzaniso, yepanyama radioactivity pamusoro girenayiti ndokuita kuvaka kupfuura kaviri radioactive (400 mrem / gore) pane avo kuvakwa dzvuku chidhinha, nguva zvina - chesamende. Muduku vose mhosva nezvimedu emit muti - kuvaka zviri ka13 zvishoma radioactive pane girenayiti.

Kubatsira chavanhu radioactivity - hazvirambiki chokwadi. Science, mushonga, kurima, simba, uye maindasitiri vakawanda zvakaoma kuita pasina radioactive isotopes. Asi kana rugare atomu anova kusingadzoreki kana ichichinja chombo, iye chinotyisidzira nezvokuvapo redu.