Biology - sayenzi kuti kudzidza ... Chii kudzidza zvipenyu somunhu sainzi

Kubva pakutanga chaipo hwekurarama kwedu isu tinogara kuona kumativi kuratidzwa muupenyu. Vana vaduku kudzidza kufamba uye kutaura, achidana pemhuka dzakasiyana-siyana, tumbuyu, vakatarira vari dzomusango. Kukwegura, mwana wose anotanga kuona kuti kumativi zviri hombe uye akapfuma chaizvo nyika zvipenyu. Pashure pezvose, zvinomera, mhuka uye tumbuyu, uye howa - zvose zvipenyu zvose. Kusvika pakuziva nyika inoshamisa iyi, tinova akachenjera, akura uye kudzidza kuva mutoro.

Kunyange paya, kana vana vaende kuchikoro, vanodzidza kuti zvipenyu - sayenzi kuti inodzidza zvinenge izvi zvose, upenyu hwavo, kushamwaridzana nomumwe uye zvakatipoteredza. Uye sayenzi iyi kudzidza matambudziko kuti vanhu nemhuka pane mumwe.

Mabviro ezwi rokuti "zvipenyu"

Zvinofadza kuti midzi rokuti "zvipenyu" anodzokera rekare indoevreyskim vanhu vane shoko "nebandauko" anoreva "unganidza", "kunhonga". Gare gare, sezvo kuchiita muzvizhinji tishandurwe, izwi yakawanikwa pedyo ruzha urwu. VaGiriki vekare vaishandisa shoko "Bios", iro rinoreva "upenyu", uye shoko "Logos", rinoshandurwa kuti "kudzidzisa". Simple, kubatanidza pfungwa mbiri, ibva dzinenge tsanangudzo "zvipenyu". Chinhu nesayenzi kuti vanodzidza upenyu, kana tiri kutaura zvavo uye asingafungi. Kutaura zvazviri, dzidziso iri guru chaizvo, uye zvesayenzi zvikuru inonakidza.

Chii zvipenyu, uye iye ari kudzidza?

Our yose nyika rinoumbwa anoshongwa zvakawanda. Mumwe wavo ari Biosphere. Uyewo biosphere rinoumbwa biomass uye biomass chinomirirwa raora zvipenyu panyika, pasinei pakukura uye dzinogarisana. Saka, zviri biomass uye ndiye chinhu kudzidza zvipenyu. Asi sezvo zvikuru siyana ari nhamba yevanhu pamusoro sei anosangana nemumwe uye dzimwe chikonzero, pane kudiwa ari weboka zvipenyu panguva madhipatimendi. Uye nokufamba kwenguva, ivo vakakurira munzvimbo sayenzi yose akazvimirira.

Chii sainzi kudzidza zvipenyu? Edza kunzwisisa. Vamwe zvinokosha, uye ivo vose vane muupenyu vanhu kunokosha zvikuru. Biology chinofukidza zvose zvine chokuita noupenyu zvipenyu, zvose kwokunze uye dzakawanda. Naizvozvo, sainzi, kuruka-kure nayo zvikuru.

ezvinhu zvipenyu

Ndicho chidzidzo chinonyanya kukosha dzinotsanagura mapuroteni usage, okuchengetera zvigadziriswe uye kupararira kuvabereki mashoko, majini bumbiro rayo marongerwo. Vanovengwa kudzidza ezvinhu zvipenyu zviri zvose hurongwa mupenyu, izvo achengetere puroteni, nucleic asidhi (DNA uye RNA). Kwakadaro hurongwa zvinosanganisira prokaryotes, eukaryotes uye wanda.

Mamiriro ezvinhu zvipenyu pachiyero ndichibvunza kukura. Hatina atogamuchira zvakawanda nemamiriro mapuroteni mamorekuru, zvivako dzavo mashandiro ari biomass. Transcribed dzinotsanagura transcription uye shanduro, kuberekana kubva DNA molecules transcribed magene romutemo. Asi ichi ano ezvinhu zvipenyu haana kumbofunga kurega. Pashure pezvose, sezvo zvikazooneka, puroteni siyana iguru zvokuti ichava zvakakwana nokuda kwazvo kuongorora uye rabhoritari kudzidza ane kwemakore akawanda mberi.

zvidukuduku

Iye anga kudzidza duku mhenyu hurongwa, kwete kuonekwa kune akashama ziso (utachiona, nemavhairasi, microfungi, microalgae, archaea). Nemhaka kuita uye basa nyanzvi dzakawanda sayenzi iyi akakwanisa ambomira kure mberi.

Nhasi, ari kwemabhakitiriya nzvimbo dzinokosha zvirimwa zvokufonongonwa inotonhorera nhau hamuzi chinhu rakasiyana. Get yakachena tsika mabhakitiriya - saka kuwana utariri. Sezvingatarisirwa, zviri zvikuru kuti mushonga uye pharmaceutics. Uyu mukana kuwana nzira ndichiva kubvisa inokuvadza tusingaoneki.

Ndokusaka microbiological tsvakurudzo zvigadzirwa vari saka yakakurumbira:

• mushonga;
• kurima;
• chikafu kugadzira;
• mafuta uye gasi kugadzira;
• metallurgia indasitiri.

hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu

Young nesayenzi kuti chamuita kuti kunyanya vechiduku uye mberi - kuvabereki uye masero mapurani. Studies uye anovandudza akachena chirimwa kurimwa unyanzvi, uyewo kusikwa ruzivo mune viva in vitro, achibvumira kushandisa utachiona sezvo kubatsira munhu simba, zvokudya, kurima vabatsiri, uye mamwe maindasitiri.

sainzi ichi hunonyatsobatana kuti zvidukuduku, ivo substantially chokuita. Naizvozvo, migumisiro hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu - izvi dzinokosha zvinhu kufunga kana zvibereko mishonga-siyana zvokurima zvigadzirwa. Uyezve, hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu chinopa mhinduro yemibvunzo chokuita nemishonga zvinomera kuti tupembenene kwezvakatipoteredza ezvinhu.

Gene uye Cell Engineering, akavapindurawo, uyewo pachena kuti kudzidza zvipenyu somunhu sainzi. Vanodawo kwakavakirwa zvipenyu enyika, asi basa ravo kare kunyanya rinobatsira pfungwa pamusoro mugumisiro, zvirokwazvo munhu anobatsira munhu.

embedding nzira muchitokisi vatorwa majini, akatakura pre-akaronga mashoko mainjiniya, pave zvakafanira zvibereko yepamusoro yepamusoro uye zvakawanda (somuenzaniso, panyaya miti, kukura yokugara okugadzira kubvumira kugamuchira mbiri kana nhatu parunokohwa muzana mwaka).

genetics

Chikamu zvakawanda uye zvikuru pamusoro zvipenyu nesayenzi, kudzidza nzira yenhaka, musimboti kushanduka, nhaka, mifananidzo kuparadzirwa uye kupararira majini kuvabereki vevana, uyewo kuziva chromosomal kunotouraya uye migumisiro yazvo pamusoro zvipenyu zvisikwa.

Genetics anofukidza kusiyana kurarama hurongwa, kubva tumbuyu uye kupedza zvinomera uye mhuka. Haushandi chete nemavhairasi uye utachiona uyewo zvinhu kudzidza chikamu chakasiyana zvipenyu.

nzvimbo bhayoroji

Kunotanga 1930s. Vakawanda masayendisiti ari USA, France, USSR uye kuRussia varipo uye akaisa makore ake basa kukura ichi inonakidza, inoshamisa, achiri muduku chaizvo, asi zvinovimbisa chaizvo nesayenzi.

Chinangwa chikuru chemusha nzvimbo zvipenyu ndiko kumisa kusiyana kushanda yokurarama zvoutachiona gadziriro Panyika uye mune vakomana zvachose - nzvimbo. Saka, nzvimbo zvipenyu - sayenzi kuti vanodzidza maitiro yomunyika kuchinja, physiology uye Morphology kurarama venyama vari zvakachinjwa ambient ezvinhu - mune muchadenga.

Huru zvinoita kuti kusiyanisa ezvinhu pezvakasikwa kubva pasi, zvinotevera:

• zvimwe gaseous svikiro;
• weightlessness nzvimbo;
• kumhanyisa;
• shoma mufambo;
• vibration;
• Vacuum;
• nemwaranzi;
• kuchinja remagineti.

Space bhayoroji anoongorora sei izvi zvinoita sei zvipenyu, uyo akakurira Zvakatipoteredza, uye kana zvichiita earthlings Dzimwe nyika dzomuchadenga dzine.

Space bhayoroji - Naizvozvo sainzi yakaoma, chinosanganisira anoverengeka zvikamu:

1. Space Physiology.
2. Ekobiologiya.
3. Ekzofiziologiya.
4. Space mushonga.

General zvipenyu, embryology

Sayenzi kuti vanodzidza kwevari sangano zvose zvipenyu zvose uye zvishoma nezvishoma nezvekutanga wezvipenyu - ichi ndicho chakajairika zvipenyu. Zvesayenzi ichi zvinosanganisira wemisoro:

• shanduka pfungwa;
• anthropology;
• paleontology.

General zvipenyu - sayenzi upenyu zvose zvipenyu zvose, ayo inotungamirwa uye kubudirira muupenyu mamiriyoni emakore dzevanhu mavambo, achiva kukura kwayo munzanga uye somunhu zvipenyu chimwe.

The chikuru nzira vakawanda zvipenyu anodzidzwa pachikoro zvidzidzo pamusoro mukuru makirasi.

Senzira vakawanda zvipenyu inomira embryology. Iye anga kudzidza phased-Natal paumbwe nomumwe chipenyu. Uyewo, zviri kudzidzwa embryologists zvakaratidza zvakafanana uye kubatana zvose zvipenyu panyika.

Cytology, histology, organology

Cytology (rimwe zita - cellular zvipenyu) - sayenzi kuti vanodzidza mhuka, chirimwa, masero kwemabhakitiriya, nemavhairasi, uye masero fungal, mamiriro, uye kushanda mabasa anokosha upi mhenyu masero, kwemasayendisiti upenyu mavari.

Chero masero ari zvipuka zvine masero akawanda eukaryotic gadziriro vari kuwedzera tishu. Uye ichi ndicho chimwe chinhu kudzidza chikamu rakakura zvoutachiona nesayenzi - histology. Plant uye mhuka munyama, avo inotungamirwa, zvakafanana, uye mamwe mabasa - chinhu kudzidza histology.

Kuti miti kuti vanoumba nhengo dziri mhuka tishu. Nzira iyo iyi zvaitika, chii chinoita uye chii vasiri, morphological, uye nokukanganisika pezvakaitwa pamwe nokudzidza sayenzi organology.

Pamwe chete, vari nhengo chete. Ivo vakabatanidzwa zvipenyu. Chinhu sayenzi kuti kudzidza zvose. Kukura mishumo zvinhu pasi kudzidza kunoshamisa.

Zoologie, bhotani, anatomi

School bhayoroji kosi hunosanganisira kudzidza nheyo sayenzi akadai zvemhuka, bhotani uye anatomi. Uye zviri muropa. Mushure zvipenyu zvose kwakavakirwa zvikamu huru izvi.

Zoologie anoongorora siyana, mamiriro uye maitiro mhuka, vose vamiririri mhuka nyika, kubvira chete-celled uye anopera mhuka.

Nyanzvi achidzidza kusiyana chirimwa zvipenyu, nenharaunda dzavo, physiology uye zvokunze zviratidzo, uyewo kuparadzira uye mavambo.

Anatomy - sayenzi inobva kudzidza womukati maumbirwo zvose zvipenyu zvose, zvisinei chavanopinda kune imwe nzvimbo zvakasikwa.

Tikafunga zvikamu izvi uye zvipenyu. Ndicho nesayenzi kuti kudzidza zvose zvinoumba nyika wacho biomass. Zvinofadza, handizvo here?

Saka, zviri nyore kugumisa kuti mashoko kunoshamisa kusiyana ruzivo kuti tikwanise zvipenyu somunhu sainzi. Basa zvipenyu muupenyu murume ano inopfuura zvikuru uye chinokosha, sezvinoratidzwa Nokuwanda uye kunzwisisa kwayo nhengo Sciences.