Rock: Mhando pamatombo. Rocks mavambo. Marudzi pamatombo

Kwemazana emakore akawanda, chikuru chivakwa acho dombo inotungamirwa. Mhando mabwe vanhu kusarudza maererano maitiro avo, panyama ehupfumi, simba, arambe achirema, amortization uye zvichingodaro. D. Sezvo manually dzinoona ibwe hakusi nyore, kare kubva shongwe chete chinonyanya kukosha zvinhu, zvakadai dzamambo, zvekudzivira zvivako, tsika sezvivako. Zviri kubva izvi zvakasikwa zvokuvakisa, vakavaka kunozivikanwa Egyptian mapiramidhi, kuti Great Wall of China, Aztec Pyramid, Taj Mahal nezvimwe zvivako akakurumbira inova zvinoshamisa munyika.

mamiriro

mabwe Various havasi kurongwa kuunganidza zvicherwa, uye zvavaida nokuwadzana. Kutsunga mabwe zvinogona muchidimbu sezvinotevera: Ndezvemuranda muropa yokuvamba chicherwa aggregates tichigara marongerwo uye sezvamunoita. Kokutanga ino izwi rakashandiswa Russian kemisiti uye mineralogist V. M. Severginym muna 1798. Zvichienderana simba, decoration, arambe achirema, porosity, kutonhora nemishonga uye zvimwe zvinhu, kushandiswa zvicherwa zvakasiyana. Kumboda namatombo kushandiswa mubasa rokuvaka.

Kupatsanura nematombo

Zvichienderana nzira inotungamirwa kwavo, zvicherwa zvose zvinogona kukamurwa mapoka makuru matatu. Masayendisiti kusiyanisa sedimentary, igneous uye metamorphic pamatombo, mune imwe kirasi chizenga mhando jasi. Izvi kuwadzana pamutemo pakati chepfu zvakasiyana siyana uye zvicherwa kuti anoumba rinokosha yacho goko.

Kwemazana emakore akawanda, kuputika kwemakomo kuva compressed uye vaunganidza, kuti magma inotonhodza uye solidifies. Saka igneous matombo overlying pamusoro jasi uye goko panguva dzakasiyana-siyana, makadzika.

Zvimedu siyana mavambo kuti vaumbe emadhaka mhando. Nyanzvi kuburikidza pachisara kuziva mhando ezvinhu umo zvakashandiswa rakachengetedzwa, kunyanya avo mavambo, mhando mumiriri, transports navo, uye zvichingodaro. D.

Metamorphic matombo kuoneka apo kuchinja igneous uye sedimentary mhando iri ukobvu pamusoro goko. mabwe awa vane akasiyana makemikari anoumba, asi inobva mubereki chicherwa kubva yavakanga dzakaumbwa. metamorphic pezvakaitwa All kunyanya kuitika norudo pasi goko.

Pane uye nejasi matombo kuti dzaimbova magmatic mavambo, asi zvino ndavhiyiwa kuchinja mune nejasi.

Igneous matombo

Vanotsvakurudza kusiyanisa mhando mbiri mikuru magmatism effusive uye intrusive. Zvinosiyana munzvimbo solidification kuti magma, uyewo hunhu waro kufamba. Kunze izvi zviviri, pane tsinga uye hypabyssal magmatic matombo, izvo zvenguva marudzi. Vanopa dikes uye mutsinga, achiumba mune makatsemuka dzimwe matombo panguva solidification kuti magma.

Intrusive kana plutonic matombo rakagara refu nedanho dzidzo, izvo zvinogona kutora kwerinopfuura chemakore. Ivo ingasanganisira crystals Hunonyanya saizi, sezvo magma inotonhodza pasi zvishoma nezvishoma mune yakadzika mvura. Kunyange pakutanga plutonic mabwe vari chaizvo dzakadzika pasi goko, rayo weathering uye vakanhonga kazhinji rokuchinja pemakomo. Muenzaniso unoshamisa ndiye Mount Shpitskoppe mu Namibia. The chikuru zvicherwa kwakadai girenayiti, labradorite, syenite, gabbro.

Igneous matombo ose effusive (kuputika) mhando vari yakaumbwa munguva kuputika rinoputika, iro kana magma anouya panyika. Havazivi kusika makuru crystals nokuda nokukurumidza kutonhora. Muenzaniso unoshamisa iyi mhando nedombo uye basalt zviri rhyolite. Of pavo kare kakawanda zvivezwa siyana uye sezvivako.

sedimentary zvicherwa

Clastic, organogenic uye chemogenic - Ndivo chikuru mhando sedimentary namatombo. Ivo zvinosiyana zvichienderana kwadzinoita mavambo uye vari akaumba pamusoro pepasi. Detrital mhando kuumbwa kuburikidza cementing uye caking nomunhu zvimedu zvakasiyana namatombo. Muenzaniso unoshamisa zvicherwa zvakadai rinogona sandstones uye conglomerates. In Barcelona, pane inofa Montserrat, pano rinongova conglomerate, nokuti ine waakaita simende reraimu boulders.

Chemogenic dombo mhando vari aumba kubva chicherwa tudonhwe penzvimbo precipitate mumvura. Zvinonzi inobva chicherwa Zvinoumba pamatombo kunoitika kupatsanura. Rakajairika ndiye mumiririri pandima reraimu. Somuenzaniso, Australia ane shongwe murenje vakaumba nokuti erudzi urwu. Organogenic mhando kungofanana marasha, nekuti iye, zvakare, achiumbwa nokuda caking dzemhuka uye chirimwa anoramba. sediments All anozivikanwa nokutyora, porosity uye solubility mumvura.

metamorphic zvicherwa

Makirasi mabwe kakawanda chaizvo zvemasanga. By mhando metamorphic zvicherwa vanogona kuva vari sedimentary uye magmatic mavambo. Vane kunosiyana inosiyana kusimba kwemasayendisiti tishandurwe. Kana zviri pasi, ipapo metamorphism kuona mubereki dombo, asi ane anokudzwa kuti vakadaro hazviiti. zvicherwa kwakadaro kushandura sezvamunoita dzavo uye unaku. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, metamorphic matombo akakamurwa schistose uye neslantsevatye, uye zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu ose inotungamirwa mapoka mapoka matatu: kwematunhu, hydrothermal uye kuonana metamorphism.

Dzimwe nguva zvinoitika kuti zvikuru boulders matombo kupesvedzera kunze Somuenzaniso, pasi kana mukuru tembiricha kuvafurira. Muenzaniso mukuru anogona kushanda gneiss. Ndivo zvicherwa anogona kunzi emunharaunda. Hydrothermal metamorphism kunoitika pamwe chafariz matsime. Zvicherwa navo ane vapfumi ions inopisa mvura, inopisa tava kuchakwaira nomumvura inosvika Kunetsana, ane kemikari maitiro iyo alters murwiyo wamatombo. Somuenzaniso, quartzite, kazhinji inoumbwa reraimu. Panewo kuonana metamorphism. Panyaya iyi, dombo chiito mishonga netembiricha simukai intrusive magmatic guru.

Rock unhu

Kune nzvimbo dzakawanda zvicherwa, uye vose kukosha siyana inegumi. Kana vari kushandiswa senzvimbo achitarisana zvinhu, pakutanga, kuteerera wavhomorwa avo aesthetic chikumbiro. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, ibwe rinokosha chaizvo decoration, anoba kudhirowa ake, ruvara. The arambe achirema of indekisi kunoenderana sei zvakawanda anoyera dombo. Mhando mabwe chiedza uye rinorema. Pakutanga arambe achirema - 2200 makirogiramu / m ^3, uye wechipiri - vanopfuura 2,200 makirogiramu / m ^3. Kana ibwe anosarudzwa kuti kuvakwa kwezvivako, pano unofanira kufunga kurema yakadiniko denser, magadzirirwo vachadzokera kuoma. parameter Izvi zvinoenderana murwiyo padombo porosity.

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha ehupfumi pabwe (kunyanya kana isu kutaura kuvaka) riri simba. Zvinokanganisawo mukurumari mashoko acho. Akasimba zvicherwa, kwenguva refu nayo icharega yaro yepakutanga chitarisiko. Nezvenyaya iyi, zvose matombo vari mapoka mapoka matatu: pasi, svikiro simba uye yakasimba. Zvose zvinoenderana murwiyo nematombo, kureva hasha dzechiso zvicherwa. By yakasimba mabwe zvinosanganisira gabbros, girenayiti, quartzite, kuti svikiro - reraimu, machena, travertine, nhaka shoma simba tuffs, kusazvibata reraimu.

Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana mabwe kunosiyana inosiyana porosity. Kubva zvazvo izvi zvinoenderana asidhi uye munyu nemishonga, Absorção de Água namabwe. Porosity vainyatsotarisirwa inofanira kubhadharwa ari chiitiko kuti zvimwe dzinoita akasarudzwa sezvo cladding. Nhamba iyi inorondedzera mukurumari kwemashoko, ayo polishability, mukurumari, decorativeness, chafariz conductivity, machinability uye zvakafanana. D. The yepamusoro iyo porosity, kashoma uremu ibwe, zvakanaka akagadzirisa, asi panguva imwe chete achidzikisa rayo vhoriyamu, simba, polishability kuipa.

Absorção de Água zvazvingava erudzi kunokoshawo chaizvo. Pairi kunobva chando, asidhi uye munyu kuramba mashoko. Water parumananzombe pores panguva kuoma nechando kunowedzera vhoriyamu pave kumanikidzwa, nekuti icho pakupedzisira makatsemuka. Ndizvowo zvinoitika nomunyu zvinogadzirisa izvo zvinosimudzira kukura crystals kuti asike zvimwe kumanikidzwa. Kana chicherwa porosity iri pasi, zvino makatsemuka, mune zvimwe zviitiko unogona rwakakamukana. The porous ibwe nevezera iri kuparadzirwa zvakaenzana, uye hapana makatsemuka haamo.

Muitiro kwokuchinja mabwe dzinongoita kukanganiswa kwavo asidhi nemishonga. Acids anogona kuchinja uye kunyange kuparadza zvimwe zvicherwa. Saka, pakusarudza ibwe pamusoro kuvakwa kwezvivako vanofanira kufunga kuti chokwadi. Somuenzaniso, hydrochloric asidhi zvinokonzera ngozi machena, dolomite, travertine. Asi reraimu uye girenayiti vanoonekwa ne kunaka kuramba acids, saka, richiripo kusvikira nhasi dzakawanda iconic mazano aya zvinhu.

kupinduka pezvakaitwa

Huge boulders, anoshamisa makomo kupa pfungwa nemazihofori simba, pamusoro iyo nguva haana simba uye zvakasiyana-siyana kunze. Vanoita tiine chepakutanga chitarisiko kwemazana emakore uye zvemakore, asi hazvina kudaro. Nokufamba kwenguva, rakagara chero kuchinja matombo. Kupatsanura nematombo kuti aone sei refu zvicherwa kuramba kwavo yepakutanga chitarisiko, kuti chokuita navo zvikuru rova.

Zvinoumba ibwe kunosiyana-siyana mune kwenguva yakareba. Kuchinja matombo angava dzinongoitika kana nevanhu. Mamiriro ezvinhu matombo iri sei zvinhu zvakadai yanyungudiswa kana pasi mvura, mvura, mhepo, zuva, mukuru uye tembiricha yakaderera. Kuparadzwa pamatombo yepanyama nzira anononoka chaizvo, asi haagoni kumiswa. Mhepo uye mvura akageza panze uye weathered sezvo okumusoro akaturikidzana uye pachivande nharaunda. Zvishoma nezvishoma, yochinja kwete chimiro asiwo murwiyo zvicherwa.

Anthropogenic pezvakaitwa chokuita nemabasa evanhu. Kuparadzwa mabwe zvinogona kuitwa kushandisa unyanzvi. Somuenzaniso, vanopfuura kamwe kuvakwa zvokuchenesa vakanga Kuvhura ndima pakuvaka zvivako, pakuchenesa mugomo neeSultan. Zvechokwadi, basa iri zvinoparadza dzinongoitika landscape, inokanganisa pairi. Dzaparadzwa matombo kupa mitswi, nekuti kuchidonha ichi kunoitika, collapses. Munhu anogona nokukurumidza kuchinja chitarisiko chicherwa deposits, pane zvakasikwa zvinhu.

Saka, zvose Highlands pakupedzisira kuchinja chitarisiko chavo. Kumhanya kuchinja kwavo zvikurukuru novimba kwokunze ezvinhu, rudzi akafanana, simba, dhigirii uye nguva dzokuteerera. Mukutaurirana rikurumidze Kunochinjawo okunze nzvimbo, apo matombo dziri.

Ichitanga pamatombo

The Geological dzinotsanagura igneous, sedimentary, uye metamorphic zvicherwa makamuisa pane imwe kutenderera. Kuchitanga ndechokuti magma uchidururwa zvishoma nezvishoma inotonhodza uye solidifies, nokudaro pokubatana dombo igneous. Mhando mabwe ichichinja nokukurumidza chitarisirwe pepasi. Wind, mvura, tembiricha kunyanyisa vanoumba sedimentary mhando zvicherwa. Yakapwanyika mabwe, weathered, akatamisira nzvimbo kunzvimbo, kumbomira mu sedimentary nembiya. Zvaiva imomo kuti zvimedu dombo kupedza nzira yavo, vanova compressed uye kukava sedimentary mhando zvicherwa. Nokufamba kwenguva, makomo vanonyudzwa kune mukuru kudzika, pachena kuti tectonic kwendangariro. izvi zvose zvinotungamirira paumbwe metamorphic namatombo. At yakakwirira tembiricha uye kumanikidzwa, simba chicherwa uchanyangadika, kuva magma. Nokufamba kwenguva, izvozvo solidifies kuti aumbe igneous matombo, uye chirongwa ibwe inotungamirwa kunotanga patsva.

Petrology uye petrography

At vose micro- uye zvidzidzo makro-pamwero muri zvicherwa. In yokutanga nyaya yokudzidza chete nezvimedu diki mamwe matombo, avo yakajeka uye translucent saha akacheka. Izvi zvinoita kuti pave zvainyanya uye zvivako zvicherwa. Kana yechipiri, masayendisiti ari kufunga matombo zvose pamwe chete, nokuti vanoumba chimwe chinhu pamusoro goko. Vatsvakurudzi anogona kuona nhoroondo, zvinhu uye anofungidzirwa musi inotungamirwa yavo.

Mabviro pamatombo vakadzidza anoranga maviri: Petrology uye petrography. The sainzi rokutanga kudzidza zvemakemikari uye mineralogical anoumba yamatombo, zvinhu zviri panowanikwa dzavo, unaku uye mamiriro. Petrology zvakare anosarudza mashoko Geological idzodzo anoumba unorema goko paNyika. Petrography ari mubasa kupatsanura uye rondedzero dzinoita siyana, zvinonyanya rairatidza nesayenzi. It inodzidza munhu ivhu nematombo, mamiriro avo uye sezvamunoita. Petrographers vanoshanda yakajeka uye translucent zvidimbu pasi maikorosikopu uongorore ehupfumi yenhengo dzavo. Uyewo, masayendisiti anogona kushanda mimwe matombo hunoshamisa miganhu.

Ziva zvakawanda kwevari zvicherwa tsvakurudzo. Pakutanga, masayendisiti vanobatanidzwa rokunyora Geological mepu, ipapo vakabata munda, petrographic uye geochemical kuongorora. Vose mukwanisi mumwe uye anokubatsirai kuti mufananidzo wakakwana. Zvidzidzo Field kubvumira tinosarudza STRUCTURAL features, chinzvimbo zvicherwa, kusimbisa anofungidzirwa nguva dzezvisingaperi chiitiko chavo. Petrographic mabasa kuona izvo matombo kuripo pakutanga, chii chikamu zvicherwa mairi.

Science zvikuru kunzwisisa petrology. Kudiwa chaiwo zvakawanda zvakadzama tsvakurudzo kunokonzerwa kuunganidza guru chitoro zivo. By pamatombo mhando dzakasiyana zvicherwa, izvo anoenderana sedimentary, igneous uye metamorphic mhando. Uye mumwe nomumwe wavo inyaya zvikuru mapazi akati nyaya. Saka, tiri sayenzi sedimentary zvicherwa vanofarira unaku uye Zvinoumba munyu, reraimu, sandstone, conglomerate nezvimwe matombo sedimentary mavambo. Igneous petrology ari zvicherwa akapfupikisa kubva magma wakaumbwa. Science zvidzidzo metamorphic machena, schist, gneiss nezvimwe mabwe akaumba panguva kuchinja.

Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, masayendisiti dzinoitawo geochemical tsvakurudzo. Vanopa muchidimbu makemikari anoumba pamatombo, zera rake, nzvimbo mavambo, chicherwa maitikiro, tembiricha uye kumanikidzwa nenguva iyo yakaumbwa.

Rakajairika matombo

On redu, pane rakakura uwandu deposits dzakasiyana-siyana zvicherwa. Vazhinji vanhu ava vakawana kushanda. Mamwe dzinoita zvakawanda mune kudiwa, vamwe zvishoma. Ngatimbotaura pamusoro pamabwe, kazhinji kushandiswa murume.

granites

Zvichida ichi ndicho ibwe rakajairika rinoumbwa Goldstone, feldspar, Mika. Granite yave granular sekristaro mamiriro yakakamurwa muzvikamu zvitatu: diki, unosvikirwa, uye zvinonyadzisa. Stone ane zvakasiyana siyana mavara, iyo rarest vanoonekwa zvitema-nyoro, chiedza bvudzi uye burgundy. Granite anongokurukurwa zvakakwana yakakweshwa, vamwe akasiyana-siyana ayo kupisa zvakaipa. Izvi zvinoitwa kuti kusika zvimwe decoration migumisiro. Operational zvivako zviri girenayiti uye zvemaziso zviratidzi zvinofungidzirwa refu kwazvo, saka ibwe iri rakashandiswa cladding pamadziro zvezvivako, quays, pakuvaka bhesimendi zvivako. Ibwe rakashandiswa pakusika zvivezwa.

sandstone

Rimwe dombo mukurumbira. Mhando mabwe kunobva nokuumbwa nzira. Sandstones vari sedimentary mhando, nokuti ine jecha Consolidated. Zvakasikwa, pane matombo akawanda: mutema, yero, kuchena, tsvuku, mashava. For kushongedza vari anowanzodanwa kushandiswa wakaisvonaka-grained mashava, tsvuku uye girini sandstone. Zvikurukuru, vanoenda lining zvivako.

machena

Yedzinza granular crystalline dombo, akaonekwa somugumisiro yokuwana dolomite uye reraimu mukuru tembiricha uye kumanikidzwa. The machena ane mukuru decoration ehupfumi, zviri nyore kushanda. Somuenzaniso, waanodzikisira ngaakuyire hasha uye nekupenya, makorari, nekusiyana, kunosimbisa mufananidzo, chipping Chinojeka necheseri. Stone ndiye yechitema, bvudzi uye chena.

pabhodhi

Stone yakaumbwa nokuda rinorema compaction nevhu, recrystallized pasi kufurirwa simba madziro. Batts inogona rwakakamukana mutete chaizvo ndiro, pane tsvuku ruvara uye ndachena mashava, rima kuchena, dema makopi. Izvi decoration uye rakasimba zvinhu hakurevi chinhu kubudiswa, rinoshandiswa kuti mukati uye kunze coatings.

semiprecious mabwe

matombo akadai malachite, neonikisi, nedhaimani, hiakindi nejedhi, vanokosheswa kupfuura vamwe, nekuti kashoma vakawana zvakasikwa. mabwe awa dziri kugadzirwa zvishongo, decoration zvidimbu, duku zvinhu menyika.