Russia muzana remakore rechi16, mitemo kukura

Remakore rechi16 muRussia - paumbwe centralized Russian mamiriro. Zvaive munguva iyi ndiko kukunda feudal kusabatana - muitiro zvinoratidza dzinongoitika kukura feudalism. Cities kukura, kuwedzera kwevanhu, kutanga zvokutengeserana uye kwokunze ukama. Zvakachinja socio-upfumi zvisikwa kukonzera kwava pedyo ndichibvunza vanoparadza vanhuwo zvavo uye kwavakazoita muuranda.

Nhoroondo Russia 16-17 remakore hakusi nyore - ndicho nguva paumbwe statehood, inotungamirwa nezvigadziko. The ropa zviitiko yehondo, vachiedza kuzvidzivirira kubva Zvisaririra Yechinwiwa Horde uye haizopereri nguva yaidiwa Troubles yakasimba ruoko hurumende kubatana kwevanhu.

Paumbwe imwe centralized mamiriro

MARARAMIRO kubatana weRussia uye kukunda feudal kusabatana yakabuda muzana remakore rechi13. Izvi zvakanga kunyanya kuoneka muna Vladimir hugota, riri kuchamhembe-mabvazuva. The budiriro yakakanganiswa kubudikidza nechisimba wechiTatar-Mongol, izvo kwete chete zvainonotsa nedanho kubatana, asi zvakakonzera chinokosha kuvadza vanhu Russian. Rumutsiriro vakatanga chete muzana remakore rechi14. Kuzoita zvokurima, kuvakwa mumaguta, kugadzwa zvoupfumi ukama. All zvikuru uremu yawana Muscovy uye Moscow, ane ndima iri kukura zvishoma nezvishoma. Kukura Russia muzana remakore rechi16 vakatevera nzira achisimbisa kirasi kupokana. Kuti kukurira vanhuwo zvavo, ivo feudal madzishe vaifanira kushanda rimwe, shandisa itsva chimiro enyika ukama, simbisa musimboti hofisi.

Chechipiri chakaita kuti kubatanidzwa ukuru centralization kwesimba - kuzvidzivirira chinzvimbo wokumwe negwaro. Kuzorwa vatorwa nechisimba uye Golden Horde zvakafanira kubatanidza zvose. Chete nenzira iyi Russian aigona kuhwina Kulikovo munda uye mukupera rechi15. chose itangezve kuti wechiTatar-Mongol joko, urwo rwakatora makore anopfuura mazana maviri.

Pfungwa paumbwe imwe kusaroora akaratidza achinyanya ari pamwe mundima aimbova vakaparadzana inoti kupinda rimwe Muscovy mukuru uye ari kuchinja enyika sangano munzanga, hunhu statehood. Kubva nenzvimbo nemaonero, muitiro rakapedzwa pakutanga rechi16 c., Asi zvematongerwo midziyo yakaumbwa chete rechipiri hafu.

Vasily III

Tinogona kutaura kuti remakore rechi16 munhoroondo Russia yakatanga ushe Vasily III, uyo akakwira choumambo muna 1505 aine makore 26. Aiva mwanakomana Ivan III Guru rechipiri. The Emperor Hwose Russia yave akaroora kaviri. Kokutanga pamusoro mumiririri yekare mhuri boyar Solomonii Saburovoy (yaifananidzira pazasi - uso vavakezve dehenya). The muchato kwakaitika musi 09.04.1505 yaiva, asi kwemakore 20 kuroorana, akanga asina kupiwa ibereke mugari wenhaka. Kunetseka Prince vakakumbira kurambana. Akakurumidza kugamuchira mvumo kereke uye Boyar Duma. A yakafanana nyaya vakatevera pamutemo kurambana vakadzi nezve wemamongi hakutauriki munhoroondo Russia.

Mukadzi mambo wechipiri akanga Elena Glinskaya anobva kubva mhuri imwe Lithuanian okuberekwa. Iye akamuberekera vanakomana vaviri. Chirikadzi muna 1533, iye chaizvoizvo revolutionized dare, uye Russia muzana remakore rechi16 kokutanga yakagamuchira regent Zvisinei, haasi kunyanya nevakawanda pamwe boyars uye vanhu.

Foreign uye mudzimba Politika Vasiliya III, Chokwadi, munhu wechisikigo kuenderera zviito baba vake, akanga zvachose nezvezvaiitwawo centralization simba uye vachisimbisa simba yechechi.

zvemumba negwaro

Vasily III waitsigira inopiwa simba amambo. In hondo feudal kusabatana Rus nevatsigiri vayo uchipinda ainakidzwa kutsigirwa chechi. Kubva vaya vakanga vakaipa, nyore disposes kuti kutumira kuutapwa kana kuti arange. kwakaratidzwa zvakazara hunodzvinyirira hunhu, kuoneka kunyange achiri muduku. Panguva yokutonga kwake, zvinorehwa boyars paruvazhe chinokosha mapopoma, asi kwamachinda wenyika inowedzerawo. Kana chinozoiswa, akasarudza kuti Josephites yechechi itsika.

Muna 1497 Vasily III kushandisa Code mutsva Mutemo zvaibva chokwadi Russian, Constitutional uye Pakutonga Charter, nezvaakatonga pamusoro zvimwe Mapato mibvunzo. Yakanga mitemo, uye akasikwa kuti systematize uye streamline huripo panguva mutemo uye chinokosha kwazvo kurutivi centralization simba. Emperor nokushingaira akatsigira kuvakwa, mumakore ake kutonga dzakavakwa Ngirozi Huru Cathedral, Church of Ascension muna Kolomna, itsva nemisha, nhare nhare. Uyezve, iye kushingaira uyewo baba vake, akaenda "unganidza" nyika yeRussia, annexing Republic muPskov, Ryazan.

Ukama Kazan Khanate pasi Basil III

ReRussia yokumwe mutemo muzana remakore rechi16, uye kutaura zvazviri, ari wokutanga hafu kunonyanya kuratidzwa nechomukati. The Emperor akaedza chokubatanidza yakawanda sezvingabvira nyika, pasi pavo nehurumende kuti, chaizvoizvo, ave kukunda ndima itsva. Wakabata pamwechete Golden Horde, Russia yakapotsa pakarepo vakaenda kurwisa iri Khanate, aumba somugumisiro yakawondomoka. Turkey uye Krymskoe Hanstvo kufarira Kazan, Russia dzakunokonzera kukosha nokuda kuorera nyika yaro yakanaka inokosha nzvimbo, asiwo nokuda kuramba kutyisidzira vachirwisa. Vachitarisira rufu Ivan III muna 1505 Kazan Khan pakarepo akatanga hondo kuti kusvikira 1507 pashure Nokurasikirwa akawanda Russian dzakamanikidzwa mumusiye, uye ipapo kuti rugare. History akadzokorora pachayo iri 1522-1523 biennium., Zvino muna 1530-1531 gg. Kazan Khanate haana kukanda mapfumo kusvikira chigaro Ivan Grozny haana kuuya.

Russian-Lithuanian War

Chikonzero chikuru reuto kurwisana - chido Moscow muchinda hwaizoikunda uye kudzora zvose Russian munyika, uyewo kuedza kuti Lithuania kutsiva nokuda kukundwa kare 1500-1503 apfuura, mutengo wake kurasikirwa 1-3 zvikamu nendima zvose .. Russia muzana remakore rechi16, mushure kuuya nesimba Basil III, akanga ari panzvimbo yakaoma yokumwe mitemo ezvinhu. Kutambura kukundwa panguva Kazan Khanate, iye aitofanira akakuitira Duchy pamusoro Lithuania, akaita dzakasaina chibvumirano Anti-Russian Crimean Khan.

Hondo yakatanga somugumisiro kukundikana kuzadzisa kokupedzisira kuti Basil III (kudzoka kunyika) muzhizha 1507 mushure kurwisa Bryansk uye Chernigov nyika Lithuanian mauto uye Upper Oka Principalities - Crimean Tatars. Muna 1508 vatongi makatanga Nhaurirano uye dzakasaina chibvumirano rugare pasi izvo Lithuanian hugota akadzoka Lyublich zvakapoteredza.

War makore 1512-1522. It rava musoro kuenderera rapfuura kurwisana pamusoro ndima. Pasinei rugare akagumisa pakati vaive nerongo, akaramba zvaibiwa kwakaenderera, Kusanzwisisana panguva kumuganhu. Chikonzero chiito chaiva rufu Grand Duchess pakati Lithuania uye hanzvadzi Basil III Helena. Grand Duchy pamusoro Lithuania dzakasaina chibvumirano pamwe Crimean Khanate mumwe mubatanidzwa, pashure iyo kunonoka kutanga kuita zvakawanda vachirwisa vari 1512 Russian Prince Sigismund I akazivisa hondo uye akaisa mberi hondo dzavo huru kuna Smolensk. SB Zvakazoitwa makore, pamwe kunosiyana madhigirii kubudirira vaiva dzakatevedzana hikes. Rimwe zvikuru hondo kwakaitika pedyo Orsha September 8, 1514 muna 1521, mativi une dzimwe nyaya vatorwa mutemo, uye vakamanikidzwa kuti rugare 5 years. Maererano chibvumirano, Russia muzana remakore rechi16 vakapiwa Smolensk nyika, asi akaramba Vitebsk, Polotsk uye Kiev, uyewo kudzoka vasungwa vehondo.

Ivan IV (Unotyisa)

Vasily III vakafa chirwere, kana mwanakomana wake mukuru wakange nemakore 3 chete okuberekwa. Ruchifanoona rufu rwake rwava pedyo uye kurwisa kwake hwakazotevera nokuti chigaro (panguva mambo akanga mbiri nevanun'una Andrew uye Yuri Staritskogo Dmitrov), iye akaumba "sedmochislennuyu" rairo boyars. Kuti vaifanira aponese Ivan pamberi rechi15 gore. Kutaura zvazviri, revatungamiriri wematirastii yave nesimba kwerinenge gore, uye akatanga isaparara. Russia muzana remakore rechi16 (1545) vakagamuchira mutongi izere uye mambo wokutanga munhau yacho, ari munhu Ivan IV, anozivikanwa munyika yose pasi zita Ivan anotyisa. In mufananidzo pamusoro - vavakezve mufananidzo Maumbirwe dehenya.

Hazvibviri tisingatauri mhuri yake. Historians akasiyana kwenhamba, achidana mazita 6 kana 7 vakadzi, vakanga vaiona vakadzi amambo. Vamwe vakafa inoshamisa rufu, vamwe zvakaendeswa kune yemamongi. Ivan Grozny aiva nevana vatatu. Senior (Ivan uye Fedor) vakaberekwa nomukadzi wake wokutanga, uye gotwe (Dmitriy Uglitsky) kubva wokupedzisira - M.F.Nagoy, iyo vakaita guru basa munhoroondo nyika panguva matambudziko.

Kuchinja Ivana Groznogo

The womukati wokuti Russia muzana remakore rechi16 panguva yaitonga Ivan vanotyisa yakanga ichiri nezvezvaiitwawo centralization simba, uyewo kuvakwa inokosha paruzhinji masangano. Kuti izvi zvidaro, pachiimbwa "akasarudzwa Batsirai" Mambo, nhevedzano zvinhu. Rinonyatsooneka ndivo zvinotevera.

• Organization Zemsky Sobor muna 1549 sezvo chepamusoro vanhu vakaderera-mumiririri masangano. Mariri akaratidzwa makirasi zvose kunze miduku yokuruwa.
• Kuitwa zviri Sudebnik idzva muna 1550, akaramba mutemo yapfuura pamutemo chiito, uye kokutanga inonyoreswa chete vose mutero chairema yakayerwa.
• Lipstick uye nyika kuchinja pakutanga 50s kwezana remakore rechi16.
• Órgãos zvirevo wemuTesitamende t. H. mikumbiro, Streletskii, zvakadhinda uye zvichingodaro. D.

ReRussia vatorwa mutemo yaitonga Ivana Groznogo yakazokudziridzwa matatu kumativi: rwezasi - pakurwisana Crimean Khanate, kumabvazuva - pakuwedzera ehurumende pamiganhu uye kumavirira - kurwira kuwana Sea reBaltic.

kumabvazuva

Pashure pokuwa Golden Horde, kugara kutyisidzira nyika Russian akasika Astrakhan uye Kazan Khanate mumaoko avo dzirambe Volga nevezvokutengeserana. Total I. Grozny akatanga danidziro vatatu vachipikisana Kazan, semubairo neyokupedzisira, warinozokwidzwa kungoerekana (1552). Astrakhan akanga akabatana 4 Makore akazotevera, muna 1557 nokuzvidira kune Russian mamiriro vakabatana dzakawanda Bashkortostan uye Chuvashia, uye ipapo ukama hwavo aiziva Nogai Horde. Saka kupera nhoroondo ropa. Russia mukupera remakore rechi16 akazarura nzira yayo kuSiberia. maindasitiri mupfumi vakagamuchira tsamba kuna mambo kunyika iri r.Tobol, achizvibhadharira zvaanoda vakagadzirira kukupfura vakasununguka Cossacks, inotungamirwa Ermak aiva.

kumadokero

Achiedza kuwana kuGungwa reBaltic kwemakore 25 apfuura (1558-1583.) Ivan IV akatungamirira nezvakawanda wokuLivonia War. kutanga kwayo Akaperekedzwa vanobudirira nokuda Russian pamushandirapamwe, zvakanga rakatorwa maguta 20, kusanganisira Narva uye Dorpat, mauto vava kusvika Tallinn uye Riga. The wokuLivonia Order vakakundwa, asi hondo awana munhu kuramba tichishanda hunhu, sezvo vaiita munyika dzakawanda dzokuEurope. kukosha huru reDare Kubatanidzwa Lithuania nePoland muna wePolish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Ndiwo mamiriro yakachinja negwara, uye pashure pokunge Standoff refu muna 1582 imwe nguva yekumbotaurirana akanga akagumisa kwemakore 10. Papera gore zvakanzi yakasainwa Chibvumirano plussa pasi iyo Russia akarasika Livonia, asi akadzokera akakundawo maguta ose kunze Polotsk.

In rwezasi

In rwezasi, achiri haunted yakaumbwa pashure pokuwa Golden Horde, Krymskoe Hanstvo. The chikuru Basa neHurumende mirayiridzo iyi chaiva kusimbisa miganhu kubva vachirwisa kuti Crimean Tatars. Nokuti chinangwa ichi, zvinoitwa nokuda kukura Wild munda akaitwa. Vakatanga kuonekwa wokutanga kudzivirira mutsetse, kureva. E. kuzvidzivirira mutsetse zvakapwanyika matanda, pakati iyo yakamira emapuranga harpoons (simba) zvikurukuru uye Tula Belgorodskaia.

Fyodor I mambo

Ivan Grozny akafa March 18, 1584. Ezvinhu chirwere youmambo dzinonzi kupinda mubvunzo dzakaitika kusvikira nhasi. Akanga anotsiviwa nomwanakomana wake Fyodor Ivanovich, ibva shure zvakarurama rufu Ivan mwanakomana wake mukuru. Mumashoko Ivan anotyisa, iye waiva munamati, nokutsanya, nani kuchechi basa pane kutonga. Historians kazhinji chiwanzo chokudavira kuti akanga ari utano murombo uye pfungwa. In paruzhinji Kutarisirwa, mambo mutsva akanga asina kukwana. Akanga pasi tutelage pamusoro boyars nechavakuru pakutanga, uye zvino munin'ina wake zvarisingazivi Boris Godunov. ushe tanga, uye wechipiri - akamhanya, uye munhu wose aizviziva. Fyodor ndakafa January 7, 1598, vachisiya pasina vana, uye iye akadimburira Moscow Rurik hwedzinza.

Russia pakutanga kwezana 16-17 emakore, akasangana dzakadzama socio-zveupfumi uye enyika dambudziko, iyo pave kunoita kuramba tichishanda wokuLivonia War oprichnina uye wechiTatar nechisimba. Zvose izvi pakupedzisira zvakatungamirira nguva zvinetso, kutanga kurwa nokuda chinhu choushe.