Russian Chamber: chii uye sei kurondedzera chiitiko ichi?

Ani naani akadzidza nhoroondo kosi kuchikoro, anoziva pfungwa "veche". Chii ichi chinonakidza akatsanangura nyore. Izvi chimiro rekare mumagariro kuzvidzora. Zvisinei, chimiro ichi ukama pakati vanhu zvokuti inonakidza kuti zvakakosha kutaura nezvazvo zvizere.

tsananguro

Shoko "Chamber" rinobva pashoko chete mudzi mashoko akadai sokuti "Veda" (rinoreva kuti "kuziva") uye "Veda" (kureva, "Council"). Popular Assembly aiva rudzi kanzuru vanhu yemadzinza, akachengetedzwa ekare uye Ages Rus.

kwakadaro chimiro chikamu mumusangano inonzi gutsaruzhinji muna kwechiSlavonic, apo zvitare vanodana muchivara akasvika murume uye zvakananga uye rakavhurika nokuvhota kusarudza chii muchinda kana gavhuna kuisa pamusoro guta ravo, kuti varwe ipapo nevavengi uye norugare navo, kubhadhara muripo kana muripo uye zvimwe.

Modern venhoroondo nekuti kudzidza rudzi "Chamber", kuti muunganidzwa dzinoremekedzwa varume mozviita basa munzanga yavo ive akamira zvakaenzana.

The mabasa rakatarisana reVanodzika

Yokutanga yaMakoronike Russian kare kutaura kuti ichi kana kuti muchinda akasarudzwa kutonga tichibatsirwa remakurukota, unova bhodhi iri muchinda akasarudzwa naMwari (Mwari uye vanhu Russian kuziva kwagara dzaibatanidzwa simba ukama). Munyori IJ Froyanov anotenda kuti chimiro ichi hurumende aivapo panyika Old Russian mamiriro, kwete chete muna Novgorod uye muPskov.

Vamwe vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanofunga kuti Chamber tsika akanga ane simba zvokuti vamwe simba hunyambiri aivapo panguva Mongol-wechiTatar joko, kune rumwe rutivi, machinda akagadza Khan Yechinwiwa Horde, asi Ukuwo, vamwe nzvimbo vakasarudzwa proteges Chamber. Saka, mabasa muchinda raiva kuunganidza mutero kuna Khan, uye basa nevaya vakagadzwa dare, - kutonga vanhu. Zvishoma nezvishoma, machinda akabvisa dzimwe simba "vechnikov" (akagadzwa Chamber vanhu), kukwikwidzana navo, izvo zvakazoita kuti Kusagutsikana vomuUmambo uye nevakawanda rokumukira.

Ndiani aiva nhengo Chamber? veche tsika

Maererano netsika, kunyange kubva dzokumaruwa ino, muna Chamber inoumbwa vakuru vemhuri, uyewo musoro pakukurukura. Zvisinei, zvishoma nezvishoma, asi Kuronga Chambers akatanga kumira panze "guru" uye "rudzi diki". Zvadaro, pfungwa "pakukurukura duku" rakada vakarega kufungwa.

Mukuwedzera, veche tsika zvave kwete chete muguta guru kanzuru, asiwo mumugwagwa duku apo kugadzirisa kudzvanya nyaya kuti vanogara mumugwagwa uye dzimba shoma.

Masayendisiti akawana kufanana pakati yekare Russian Chamber uye zvakafanana kuunganidza dzinoremekedzwa vakuru Europe. Somuenzaniso, misangano yakadaro dzaiitwa mu Ages England (vakadaidzwa "Witenagemot"), dzekuma Scandinavia ( "Chinhu") muna Prussia (musangano nevakuru), uye zvichingodaro.

Old Russian Chamber. Chii chinonzi "yepakutanga Russian kusununguka"?

Vamwe vezvenhau vanodavira kuti pasi pfungwa iyi haangorevi zvakakwana chepamutemo vagari musangano kukwezvwa ruzha bhero, asi kuungana vanhu vakatendeukira kuna pakuputsa amachinda boyars, imwe nzira kana mumwe inopandukira havasi kugutsikana zvavo vagari.

Nokudaro zviri pachena kuti Russian Chamber akakwanisa kubata zvinobudirira chete mabasa avo nguva feudal kusabatana uye akatanga kuvhiringidza kukura mamiriro munguva yayo centralization. Nokudaro nezvavasingadi guru vatongi Russian kuti kuungana kwakadaro uye kurambidza pavo (nyaya kuziva anosuruvarisa zvichaitirwa maguta maviri Russian - Novgorod uye muPskov, apo veche tsika dzakanga simba zvikuru, maguta aya pasi kuri nzendo pamusoro chikamu Ivan III, uye ake muzukuru Ivana Groznogo).

Sei Old Russian uye Ages Chamber asisiko?

dzekare All vanobvumirana, maererano izvo Assembly Popular havasisipo mu Medieval Russia nokuti kuti haakwikwidzani simba muchinda. chimiro kwakadaro hurumende yakanga disadvantageous kumachinda vakatsvaka centralized mamiriro, pasi simba ravo. Naizvozvo, utsinye tinorwisana misangano yakadaro vakanga Russian madzimambo kubva remakore rechi15.

Panyaya iyi, dare duku, vakanga vachienda kuungana sezvinoita kumaruwa yakapfuurira kurarama munyika yedu kusvikira pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20. Pashure pokuparadzwa zvetsika murimi mudiki nzira siyana idzi aenda, asi danho collectivization magungano mukomiyunisiti vakatsiviwa uye zvichingodaro.

Panguva kuitika pavaipfuura Russian ariko rinochinja zvakasimba fomu veche gutsaruzhinji kuramba kushandiswa basa munyika, pane zvokuwedzera marongedzero kugadzwa nechepakati zviremera, kuita State Duma, vakasanangurwa mitumbi omunzvimbo kuzvitonga, saka tinogona kutaura kuti "veche guru" kwete zvachose anyangarika, tsika dzayo kurarama pfungwa vanhu Russian hwakada dzakarukwa pfungwa nokururamisira uye chokwadi.