Seigniorage - chii ichi? Terms chinokosha mari

Muna 1290, Philip IV aiva hondo muFrance. Mari mari haisi kukwana. Dzava kugadzira mari itsva akatungamirira vose zvikuru mitengo. Kuti vave nechokwadi pamberi egoridhe chezvipo, mambo vakapamba umambo Lombards, akabvisa mari vaJudha uye torera enzvimbo Templars. izvi zvose zvakaitika kuti kudzivisa kubhadhara seigniorage - mubayiro dzava kugadzira Mari.

mwoyo

Seigniorage - ndiyo mari rakabva kuwedzera mari romugove neHurumende. Hurumende inogona kudzora mari wechiGeorgian. Chinhu chinokosha chiri chikwereti mutemo munyika.

KuMiddle Ages payo vaiita coinage chemindi. The feudal tenzi akawana simbi kubva mutengi. Vazhinji yakatsvuka zambara kugadzirwa Mari, uye vamwe vakashanda basa kubhadhara. Monetary seigniorage - iri mari, izvo yakakamurwa pakati brassazhem (mindi) uye uchangamire (feudal ishe).

inotungamirwa

Mari havana kusiyana dzava kugadzira Mari zvemasangano akasiyana, asi uremu fluctuated. Saka, mune dzimwe nyika muripo anofanira kutsunga zvichienderana chezita kukosha, kana chikamu kurema uye bhuku zvakafanana. Ngationgororei kunyatsotevera chii seigniorage (with).

Izwi iri rakashandurwa kubva muchiLatin rinoreva "tenzi", kana "mukuru." kwakanyorwa rinowanikwa munzira dzakasiyana mashoko wezvokutengeserana uye mari fiatnyh. Munguva Philip IV basa kubhadhara ndiwo musiyano pakati kukosha mari uye sirivha, yaishandiswa nokuda gadzira kwavo.

Modern seigniorage - kusiyana nyaya mutengo uye aizviti kukosha Banknotes itsva.

A Nhoroondo shoma

Mutongi Judge rakapa mutongo, maererano izvo Central Bank of Italy anofanira musiyano iri mari inoshandiswa pakudhinda mari kudzokera nyika vagari. Kwemakore 8 chikwereti of Treasury mabasa Central Bank mugore ra2003 yairema EUR 5 miriyoni. Asi nguva ino rumhan'aro vakatamira peEuropean Central Bank. With vatsigire Association yevatengi ADUSBEF kubata nezvezvinotaura vari rwezvemabhengi zvekutepfenyura, magweta ari Central Bank kwakaita nyaya yakapfuura chisarudzo, achidana musoro.

muenzaniso Izvi zvinokosha chaizvo. Seigniorage rakamuka feudal nguva, asi inoshanda nhasi. Uye nhasi, nokuti nyaya Banknotes ehurumende purofiti. Dambudziko ndechokuti mari nyaya haringorevi. Kana nhamba yavo kwazvo uwandu inowanikwa zvinhu, pane kuwedzera mitengo.

Seigniorage uye mitengo mutero

Kuwedzera mari rive zvinogona, nyaya Banknotes, achipa mari musi dhipoziti uye kutenga hurumende zvisungo. In mudanga zvoupfumi ezvinhu, nyaya Banknotes pave mitengo mutero. Womumwe kunoderedza kukosha kwayo Holdings mari zvinhu. Exchange rate nokudzorwa hurumende. achine muzinda pechiso Central Bank anogamuchira zvose zvakanakira kuwedzera mari rive. Mitengo mutero anonzi zvakavanzika, nokuti nyaya inobata vanhu vasingaiti indekisi yavanowana uye kuuita muchimiro deposits mubhangi.

Hurumende anogamuchirawo zvimwe guta, kuwedzera mwero mitengo. First akacherechedza vokuAmerica uye akasika rimwe achine centre - REP. Zvichitevera riwedzere kugadzwa kwoUmambo anotambura rakanga Depression. Nhasi unoshanda zano umo hurumende inowana mari kubva kumusika.

Profit kubva mari fiatnyh

Kana mari dziri pamusoro zvinhu zvine kukosha mugove shoma ndiwo musiyano pakati mari mutengo uye aizviti kukosha Banknotes (bepa kana yemagetsi). Somuenzaniso, kana mutengo zana mari ndiyo 4 masendi, kuti seigniorage achava 9996 masendi. Uye nokuda chete turnover. Kana isu funga, nerimwe gore makore 10 oupenyu rugwaro vakapfuura avhareji 4 turnover, mari kuwana zvinokosha chaizvo.

Akabuda asiri mari kunobatsira anenge zvachose. Naizvozvo, dzimwe nyanzvi dzinoti kuti electronic seigniorage iri chinhu chinokosha kuunganidza upfumi munyika XXI remakore.

Profit kubva nyaya manotsi kunowedzera, kana currency kushandiswa kwose. Somuenzaniso, United States anogamuchira zvakawanda seigniorage kupfuura dzimwe nyika ipi zvayo. Dollar wakashandiswa dzakawanda zvokutengeserana, kuunganidza reserves. Panyaya iyi, iyo seigniorage - ndiwo kwemari kubva okuwedzera zvinhu kuti anogona kuwanikwa nokuda kunyika reserves dzavo vavatorwa zvishoma upfumi vasiri vagari vose administrative mari.

Information sei zvakawanda seigniorage ndiwo mamiriro muchivande. Uye akanga asina kutaurwa. Seigniorage mu Russia anoda kubva 15% GDP. Muna Netherlands ndiye 0,66%, muna USA - 3%, nepo Italy uye Greece - pamusoro 10%.

Seigniorage - harisi chete mari, asiwo kurasikirwa womumwe. Mari kugadzirwa mari sangano duku kakawanda kwete akafukidza yavo ndima ukoshi. Naizvozvo, nechepakati mabhanga mazhinji havasi ngaateme navo, kana vari chaibwinya muhuwandu chaizvo duku.

Apo seignorage anoita?

Share shoma hakusi dzakavanzika maoko, uye akatumirwa Central Bank. Mune US, mari kubva nyaya iri zvaitambidzwa kwenhoroondo Federal Reserve, kunyange mamiriro inodzora kushandiswa kwayo. Part of mubereko (6%) inoendeswa kuripwa mibayiro, uye vamwe rwunoverengerwa kuti bhajeti zveminda. Tichienzanisa, private vanoita BOJ vanogamuchira 4% of mugove shoma. Seigniorage mu Russia iri muzvikamu zviviri. Half inoenda ehurumende, uye chikamu mabasa mari ne Bank kweRussia rechipiri.

MuRussia, chete kukumbira rakapa Banknotes miriyoni 15 uye mari mamiriyoni 50. Kureva, kunyange kupfuura kuchinja inofungidzirwa mari kubva achine yekudyidzana. Seigniorage anokwanisika kuitikawo somugumisiro pakugadzirisa pamusoro atendeuka uye tsva Banknotes vateresi. Zvisinei, Eurostat vakarambidza eurozone nyika kutumira mugove shoma kuderedza bhajeti deficits. Asi munyika hyperinflation nekusiyana, seigniorage rinoshandiswa senzira yokuwana nayo mari.

mhedziso

Akabuda mari - zviri nani basa. Naizvozvo, kuti chindingindingi kodzero kuti ape Banknotes ndiyo chete nehurumende. Sezvo Implementation vepfungwa iyi kwave Central Bank, ipapo anonyora mari mugumisiro kubva mabasa ayo pachiyero papepa mutsetse. Asi muna Russia unowana hafu mari kusvika hurumende bhajeti.