Synchrony - nayo ... synchronic uye shinichiroinaba zvemutauro mu

Zvemutauro - haisi sainzi nyore. Kunenge kuti kudzidza mutauro hazvibviri kusvikira pakuguma, asi achiri yakawanda nyanzvi vane kwemazana emakore akawanda achiedza kuronda kuti dzinoitwa ayo kukura, kuti asimbise vamwe regularities, kuziva zvinhu kukanganisa shanduko maari. In mabasa nevatsvakurudzi vakawanda kazhinji vasangana okuti "diachrony uye synchrony", iro anokamura pakudzidza mumitauro miviri. Chii chiri seri mashoko aya uye nei ivo kuchinja dzidziso zvemutauro?

Tanga tsanangudzo

Synchronic uye shinichiroinaba mutauro chokuita pfungwa nguva. Muchiitiko chokutanga, mutauro zvinonzwisiswa somunhu kunofambira mberi hurongwa, uye chinangwa pakudzidza wemitauro raro mamiriro chero nguva.

Kana shinichiroinaba dzidziso mutauro, zvose zvinokonzerwa ayo kurongwa nenzira akaita urongwa, pashure iyo mutauro ndewe wayo ezvinhu aripo. Kana ukaswedera kwakafanana ne basa I. A. Boduena of Courtenay, Polish nyanzvi remakore rechi19, tinogona kuona kuti synchronic uye shinichiroinaba - ndizvo zvimwechete sezvo statics uye nesimba, ukuwo.

Ferdinand of Saussure vake dzidziso

Kokutanga rinounza izvi pfungwa zvemutauro Swiss Ferdinand of Saussure. Synchronic uye shinichiroinaba, chake mafungiro, zvakabatana: nayo - iri nguva-shanduka, zviri kushingaira munyika ino uye panguva imwecheteyo kungoerekana kare. Saussure anoti diachrony - chinhu shanduka dziri iri imwe nguva unogona kuona imwe chete padanho kukura. The raora of zvose zvokukura refu nzira yokuratidza kuchinja aifanira kupfuura mutauro pamberi zvasvika aripo mamiriro.

A synchronicity - dungwerungwe dyidzana mawa matanho, kureva, hapana budiriro nokuitika nguva, pane chete mutauro mamiriro panguva.

The itsva munda wemitauro

It mberi kwayo basa Saussure sumo nzvimbo mbiri itsva wemitauro, iyo inodzidza synchronic uye shinichiroinaba zvemutauro mu. Muchiitiko chokutanga, muna synchronic zvemutauro, pfungwa iri pakukurukurirana zvenyaya mutauro, kureva hurongwa hwose hwose. Mukuwedzera, synchrony kunobva omumwe mutauro zvose zvayo venhau, ayo kubvuma zvinozivikanwa.

Panyaya shinichiroinaba zvemutauro, zvinoshanda pamwe chete zvinhu, asi anofunga kuti anogara pasina panyaya zvinonzwisiswa panoonekwa zvinozivikanwa. Language zvinhu kutevera mumwe, uye kwete hurongwa - ndicho chikuru chinyorwa pamusoro shinichiroinaba zvemutauro.

Sources mashoko nokuda synchrony uye diachrony

Synchrony - kudzidza okunze ndiwo mutauro mumwe chete, pane spraying pamusoro yakatarwa, kunyange kana ukama mitauro imwe nguva. Diachrony kunogona kushanda mitauro yakawanda panguva imwe chete, achienzanisa Kushanduka zvinhu zvavo. Information pamusoro chinhu yavo yokudzidza synchronic zvemutauro anogamuchira chete kubva vaanotonga, pakati iyo kutaura kudyidzana, nepo shinichiroinaba kumanikidzwa kuongorora uye takambosangana, uye kufungawo magetsi kukura mutauro - kureva zviri kufunga zvakawanda zvinhu pane synchronic.

Ndezvipi zvikonzero?

Synchronic uye shinichiroinaba zvemutauro kurondedzera kune dzakananga zvikamu izvozvo. Statics, kureva synchronic zvemutauro, kushanda pamwe vakawanda girama - kuti zvakazara inoratidza ukama pakati zvinhu zvose mutauro. Oga, Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti synchrony achiratidza husava Zvimiso data, zvimwe wegadziriro mutauro uye kuda kwete chimiro.

Shinichiroinaba zvemutauro anofungawo phonetics, nokuti ruzha vari kumbobvira wakaiswa chero bedzi nguva inokosha chokuita nefashoni uye chaizvoizvo, nguva kuchinja kuti madudzirwo. Ndokusaka muri mukuru chinangwa pakudzidza zvemutauro vakagwinya.

Pamwe chete kana voga?

Saussure, uyo akazivisa pfungwa zvemutauro, synchrony uye diachrony, akasimbisa kuti chero mhosva vanogona kwete vakapedzwa, nekuti izvi zvinhu wemitauro vari pakatarisana mumwe. Asi akabvuma nepfungwa yokuti nyanzvi dzemitauro kazhinji vanovimba synchronic zvemutauro, anokwanisa kupa mhinduro dzemibvunzo yakawanda mutauro, ukuwo kudzidza rinomutsa mutauro - chete Kufunga chishandiso akapa Kushanduka zvakasiyana zvinhu, zvimwe zvacho zvisiri nyore maonero nguva dzose.

Hungu, kunofambira mberi kusika mutauro zvikuru rinodiwa nepakati, asi pasina diachrony zvaisazobvira mimwe yayo shanduka.

The ukama synchrony uye diachrony

Panguva iyoyo isu hatigoni kutaura kuti synchrony - kunongova kuratidzwa mamiriro mutauro. Synchronic zvemutauro anogona kuratidza mamiriro mutauro muzana remakore rechi11, uye 16 - chero nguva penguva. Zviya, kushandisa zvikamu ivavo synchrony kunogona kurondwa uye mutauro kukura: mune imwe chikamu vachaonekwa kuti gare gare kubviswa kana mutate (somuenzaniso, pamusoro nguva mutauro ano Russian ndikabvisa ari nzvanyira ichirira, akachinja ezita vamwe nzvanyira anofambidzana, ndakawana chikamu uye kuchangamuka zviri zvipenyu nezvisiri zvipenyu). Zviri kuburikidza izvi "simba" uye shanduka chinhu zvinobvira kudzidza shanduka mutauro, ndiko kuti, muna kufunga yayo shinichiroinaba chinotaurwa.

Synchronic uye shinichiroinaba Estimates

Vangani nguva kare ambotaurwa, synchronic uye shinichiroinaba mumutauro vari zvinodyidzana. Shanduka zvinhu zvayo chikonzero shanduka, asi akatsiga mugove anochengeterwa synchronic muzvikamu, achiumba unhu mutauro, rakasikwa chii chinosiyanisa kubva mamwe tumitauro zvose kunyange ukama mhuri. Synchronic uye shinichiroinaba mune zvemutauro chete mukwanisi mumwe, vachibvumira, pahwaro ari kuongorora dzidziso mutauro uye kufunga maonero ayo synchronic zvidimbu zvakasiyana zvokukura kukura, kufanotaura maitiro ake ramangwana: sarudza idzva "simba" Links, huchakurumidza muzviise pasi reconsideration, uye zvakawanda akasimba kusimbisa chii kwapfuura mumatanho wandei mutauro shanduka. Nokuti ichi zvemutauro guru vanofanira vanoisa pfungwa dzavo kwete chete pamunhu okunze, asiwo kukura yose yezvinhu.

Kudzidza mutauro wokuRussia: Limbo

Zvino kuti isu munotoziva pfungwa synchrony uye diachrony, edza kuongorora tose pedyo mutauro wokuRussia kubva nemaonero izvi zvinhu zviviri wemitauro. Chokutanga, gakava pamusoro chii boka mitauro ndowenyika Russian, kunze kwenguva refu: mumwe munhu anoti kuna Finno-Ugric boka (asi zvino vezvenhau Russian vanofanira kunzwisisa uye mitauro dzekuma Scandinavia, izvo, zvinosuruvarisa havana kuwanikwa) vamwe vanoti hazvina pasina simba wechiTatar (pano ndiyo chete nyaya sezvo pamwe Scandinavians - mumutauro wechiTatar ano nhau Russian uyewo kashoma kunzwisisa).

Nokusvika kwedzimwe chiKristu pamusoro Russian nyika pane chikamu chokutanga mutauro synchronic: mune nendimi Ancient Rus kuonekwa blotches chechi-bhuku Old Church, izvo achiri mutorwa kuti ruzhinji zvavo vomunyika.

Chechipiri bande: pahwindo kuti Europe

Akatevera synchronic chekawo mutsetse anova rechi17 uye rechi18 emakore. Hongu, ndiye kure kubva pakutanga, asi mukati mashoma emakore Russia, uko nhoroondo zvichizivikanwa zvakanaka namahwindo mamiriro, kuchinja mutauro chakaitika zvishomanana. Muzana remakore rechi17, Peter Rokutanga, akatema nepahwindo kuEurope, zviri pakutevedzera mururimi rwavo akakwereta guru mari mashoko, uye mashoko wokumwe mavambo chete.

Kubva nguva ichi mumwe mambo mutsva pamusoro mutauro wokuRussia kuri kungoramba dzimwe pfungwa, achiwedzera turnovers itsva lexical, mazano, waives zvimwe zvivako ayo (somuenzaniso, pamusoro kwenguva, yakakandirwa anonzi vocative, vachiri rachengetedzwa mukati Ukrainian uye Polish: .. Mamo, hama, etc.), ikachinja phonetic marongerwo (kana tikaenzanisa mutauro Russian ramakore rechi17 ake synchronic akagerwa wokutanga, zvichava kuonekwa kuti hafu kwokutanga nzvanyira rinonzwika rakabviswa mutauro kuti gadzirisa izvozvo, akawedzerwa, nenzira, wemishonga nzvanyira ruzha).

Synchronic bande mutauro ano Russian

Synchrony - nemuenzaniso mugumisiro shinichiroinaba mutauro kukura. Kana isu neiko synchronic bande wokuRussia ano rechipiri, zvinova pachena kuti mutauro mumazana emakore apfuura, kunyange kupfuura nyore. Nemhaka Peter, paiva wokutanga vakawanda girama yaiisirwa fanira mitemo vose. Nhasi kune kuitika kuti kuderedza pakati mitemo chokuita chokwadi kuti vamwe Vatakuri murege zvakakwana nyanzvi mutauro. Hongu, pane archaisms, zvimwe zvivako uye kuti mashoko nesimba chaizvo kutsanangura, asi panguva imwe chete vachitya chisimba kutaura, izvozvo kumanikidzwa-shanduka, kwete kuchinja kuvatongi. Kusvika panguva shinichiroinaba ongororo inoratidza kuti kuramba kuramba nokukwereta mashoko vatorwa, vachagara zvishoma nezvishoma kutsiva nemakore Russian, mushure menguva zvenjovhera zvapera vamwe munhau tichimhanya, achipa nzira kudyidzana nyore.

mhedziso

Saka isu ikozvino kuziva zvinorehwa "synchronicity", tinonzwisisa musiyano rokuti mukuwirirana diachrony ake. Mukuwedzera, isu kwete chete kunzwisisa theorist izvi redzidziso, asi kuitwawo chiduku Kuongororwa yeRussian mutauro. Tinovimba mazwi aya kunzwisisa zvava zvishoma pedyo uye zvakajeka.