The chikuru pfungwa Voltaire vake dzouzivi enyika maonero

Pfungwa rechiFrench Kujekerwa akarara mune tsika patsva munzanga, waiva kumuka kuti kupandukira. Mutsindo vadzidzisi vaiva Sharl Monteske uye Voltaire, uye gare gare Jean-Zhak Russo uye Denis Diderot.

Pfungwa Montesquieu uye Voltaire havana zvakafanana pamusoro nyaya wehurumende uye vanhu. Zvisinei, vava inokosha kukura kwenzanga itsva. The chikuru Pfungwa Voltaire rakasiyana maonero mamwe vamiririri yaitonga.

kwakarongwa vitae

Voltaire akaberekwa (pakuzvarwa akapiwa zita François-Mari Arue), Paris (Kingdom) November 21, 1694. mai vake rakanga mwanasikana tsotsi dare. baba vake akashanda ari gweta uye muteresi. Voltaire haana kutora basa yababa vake, uyewo iye, saka muna 1744 iye kunyange akazviti ndiye mubvandiripo mwanakomana murombo musketeer nhetembo.

In hwake, akadzidza paChikoro wechechi yeRoma College, akatanga kudzidza mutemo. Nokufamba kwenguva, jaya kunetswa kuteerera baba vake, akatanga kuwana nzira yavo youpenyu. Sezvo 1718 ari yakasainwa nokuda rekunyepedzera pamusoro Voltaire, inova anagram zita rake rizere pamwe chete nekatsamba "muduku".

Panguva nokudzidziswa satire mudetembi kanoverengeka wakagara Bastille. kekutanga zvakaitika muna 1717. Chikonzero kusungwa yakanga nokutuka satire kugadzirisa Duke pamusoro Orleans, uyo akanga regent kweFrance.

Panguva upenyu Voltaire, zvakare uye zvakare tingangotambudzwa kusungwa. Akamanikidzwa kusiya France. Muzivi yose nzira kwayo aigara England, Prussia, Switzerland. Pakazosvika 1776, akava vakapfuma murume muFrance, zvakamupa mukana kuumba pachake "chaiyo kwavabati" dzavo yavatezvara Ferney.

Voltaire kubva yake kuchamuka, maonero enyika vakanga monarchist, aiva tsamba zhinji inozivikanwa vanhu nguva. Ava vaisanganisira mukuru wamarudzi;

• Mambo Prussia - Frederick 2.
• Empress kweRussia - Catherine 2.
• Mambo Poland - Stanisław August Poniatowski.
• Mambo Sweden - Gustav 3.
• Mambo Denmark - vaKristu 7.

Pazera makore 83, inozivikanwa mudzidzisi akadzokera Paris, apo akafa nguva pfupi pashure. Marangwanda ake akaparara achichengetwa crypt National kunoshamisa vanhu - Pantheon.

Pfungwa ouzivi Voltaire

Muchidimbu pamusoro Voltaire kwakaita uzivi kutaura izvi - aiva mutsigiri empiricism. Mune dzimwe zvaakanyora, iye aitsigira dzidziso Chirungu muzivi Locke. Zvisinei, aiva anokumhan'arira ari zvinhu chikoro French.

Ake zvikuru nyaya kwouzivi akabudisa mu "Pocket Dictionary Philosophy." In basa iri iye vaishora idealism uye chitendero. Voltaire kwaibva zivo masayendisiti nguva yake.

Voltaire chikuru maonero pamusoro murume kuderedzwa chokuti munhu wose anofanira kuva dzinongoitika kodzero:

• rusununguko;
• chibatiso;
• kuenzana;
• pfuma.

Zvisinei, zvakasikwa kodzero dzinofanira kuchengetedzwa nemitemo akanaka nokuti "vanhu vanotsamwa." Zvisinei, mitemo yakawanda iri nomuzivi mhando akabvuma tsvete.

Socio-kwouzivi maonero

The chikuru Pfungwa Voltaire mumagakava maonero ipfupi pakushaiwa kwavo kusaruramisira munzanga. In zvaanofunga, izvozvo kunofanira mupfumi, akadzidza uye vaya vanosungirwa kushanda navo. Aidavira kuti kushanda vanhu kuti chii dhigirii, nekuti pfungwa dzavo kunogona kuparadza zvose.

Voltaire aiva adherent kuti vakambovhenekerwa absolutism. Kusvikira pakuguma hwake aiva monarchist. Maererano naye, namambo anofanira kuvimba chinoziva chikamu munzanga pamberi vakadzidza uye vazivi.

Pfungwa huru nezvokutenda

The chikuru Pfungwa Voltaire, kuvapo kwaMwari ipfupi kuti chokwadi kuti rudzi injiniya uyo tega, akasika uye anopfuurira anobvumirana wegadziriro wezvose.

Voltaire kwaipesana kusatendera. Aidavira kuti: "Kana Mwari haako, inofanira kunge yakaitwa." Uyu musoro mukuru ari anounzwa husingaperi uye zvakakodzera. Zvisinei, muzivi nezvetsika ndechokuti kuratidza kuvapo kwaMwari musaita nokutenda, asi zvine kuongorora.

Izvi imhaka yokuti kutenda hakusi kugona kuzivisa kuvapo kwayo. Zvinonzi yakavakirwa mashura uye zvakawanda dzinopesana zvinhu. The chokwadi chete ichi ndechokuti kunamata Mwari uye mirayiro yake. Maererano Voltaire, kusatendera, kufanana theism, deism zvinopesana kwayo upenzi.

Political uye dzepamutemo maonero pamusoro Voltaire

Muzivi huru havana kusiya rinokosha basa nehurumende uye mutemo. Zvisinei, zvematongerwo uye dzepamutemo maonero Voltaire zvakakodzerwa kutarisirwa. pfungwa dzake dzose pamusoro mamiriro mutemo, mutemo wakaiswa mumabasa akasiyana-siyana.

In prose nayo inoita dzinonetsa mafungiro munyori, uyo anoseka uye anoramba nheyo Pfungwa yacho feudal muvanhu. Mabasa vari zvakazadza nomweya rusununguko, nomwoyo uye vanhu.

chikuru zvinotyisa

Mhaka zvose evanhu uipi muzivi vaiona kutonga nokusaziva, mashura uye kufungira kuti woutsinye pfungwa. Zvose izvi vakabva muChechi uye yeRoma. Ndokusaka basa rake mudzidzisi anotambura nevapristi, kutambudzirwa chitendero uye umbimbindoga.

Last, chirimwa chechi, anouraya rusununguko rwehana uye mashoko. Ichi unopa upenyu kutanga chero rusununguko. Saka Voltaire haana kuramba kuvapo kwaMwari uye kudiwa chitendero.

The chikuru Pfungwa Voltaire haana democratic. Kuvhenekerwa haana rakagadzirirwa vashandi zvavo. Muzivi haana kufunga vanhu remaoko, saka pfungwa dzake haana kutora navo nyaya. Uyezve, vakawanda zvose akatya vanhu. Voltaire ichi uye pfungwa dzake political akasiyana nevamwe nhengo nguva.

Kuenzana kwevanhu aiziva chete mune zvematongerwo enyika uye pamutemo pfungwa. vanhu vose vanofanira kuva vagari vari vakaenzana kodzero kuvimba mitemo uye waidzivirira navo. Panguva iyoyowo, aidavira kuti nzvimbo munhu munyika zvinofanira pakuti ine midziyo. Somuenzaniso, kodzero dzokuvhota chokuita voruzhinji anofanira chete varidzi, asi kwete vose zvavo vanhu.

Paruvanze nyaya, Voltaire waitsigira yakaenzanirana muedzo, umo magweta dzichaita basa. Torture, haana kubvuma uye aida ugone navo.

Maererano hurumende muzivi, aiva mutsigiri mhedziso umambo, ane mutongi avhenekerwa, vakananga. Zvisinei, naiyewo aida kuita hurongwa hurumende muEngland. Constitutional umambo uye pamberi mapato maviri vanogona kutevera mumwe pashure pomumwe, airemekedzwa Voltaire.

Senzira inokonzera, kwete anofunga akasika enyika yake dzidziso. Zvisinei, zviri pamutemo maonero Voltaire rwakagadzirira nzira pakuzadzisa dzidziso enyika uye zviri pamutemo. pfungwa Voltaire kuna mukuru kana mudiki papi kuparidzira kunyika dzose maonero rechiFrench Kujekerwa.

Advocacy

Inotaura kuti Voltaire haana kuremekedza basa baba vake. Zvisinei, zvinonzi zvichiri akabatanidza upenyu hwavo vaine mhosva kwemakore 1760-1770. Saka, muna 1762, akapedza boka kudzima mutongo worufu kuti yave zvavakatemerwa yePurotesitendi Jean Calas. Chaaipomerwa kuuraya mwanakomana wake. Voltaire akakwanisa kuita nokusunungurwa.

Other vakatambudzwa enyika uye zvechitendero, izvo inodzivirirawo mudzidzisi vaiva Sirven, Contea di Lally, Chevalier De La Pazvibato zvechizarira. Political uye dzepamutemo maonero Voltaire vaifanira kurwa kuKereke uye ayo kufungira.

Voltaire-munyori

Mumabhuku, Voltaire tsitsi revatongi rechi18. Anozivikanwa rake yokufungidzira kwouzivi mabasa zvinoshamisa, nhetembo. The peculiarity mabasa ake nyore uye nyore mutauro, aphoristic, satire.

Fiction chaiva munyori haasi magumo pacharo, asi nzira. Achibatsirwa kwayo iye akasimudzira pfungwa dzake, kuratidzira achirwisa vafundisi uye autocracy, kuparidza kushivirira uye dzokunamata takasununguka.

dhurama

Over upenyu munyori haana kunyorwa 28 matambudziko chekare, ramakagadzwa inonyanyoshandiswa dzoga, "Oedipus", "Zaire," "ZvaKesari," "nherera Chinese" uye vamwe. Iye refu mutsimba kwatombova mutambo mutsva, asi pakupedzisira akava zvakasiyana pamwe zvinosuwisa uye enyambo.

Under kwokudzvinyirira kwomunhu enyika uye zviri pamutemo mutsva Bourgeois upenyu maonero Voltaire zvachinja panyaya yemitambo, akazarura mukova vose mutambo makirasi. Akaziva kuti vanhu nyore kuti afuridzire tichibatsirwa mabhii kubva zvidzidzo dzakaderera pfungwa dzavo. The munyori kuna Danho webindu, musoja, musikana nyore, matauriro uye nyaya dziri pedyo vanhu. Vakaita simba pfungwa uye kubudirira pazvinangwa zvavo nomunyori. Izvi Bourgeois Mitambo zvinosanganisira "Nanin" "muparadzi", "kodzero kuna tenzi."

Voltaire raibhurari

Pakafa muzivi kuda raibhurari yake Ekaterina 2, naye akanga akaenzana. Russian Empress akaronzesa nyaya yacho mumiririri wake, uyo akakurukura zvose venhaka Voltaire. In ichi ngaakuitirei vaifanira kupinda uye Zvisinei, tsamba Catherine pachake, vakanga zvakatengwa Beaumarchais. Akabudisa navo, pamwe nevamwe yakabvumira kugadziriswa kwemutemo wekuita, uye anoudzawo chikumbiro of Empress.

The raibhurari pachayo rakatorwa chikepe muna 1779. Zvinosanganisira mabhuku 6814 uye 37 manyoro. Pakutanga zvakanga muNzvimbo Hermitage. Paitonga Nicholas 1, kuenda kuraibhurari rakavharwa. Zvinozivikanwa kuti A. S. Pushkin yaiparidza naye pamusoro chaiyo murayiro wamambo, paakanyora "The History of Peter".

Muna 1861, Alexander 2 akarayira kuchinjwa ose anowanika mashoko ari Imperial Public Library muSt Petersburg.

Mabhuku ane yakawanda pachavo manotsi kuti Voltaire. Idzowo yoga nyaya dzokudzidza. Voltaire, political maonero iyo, kufanana kwoupenyu, achikwezva vachiri vazivi vakawanda, vanyori, masayendisiti enyika uye kare, aiva anonakidza zvikuru munhu. Kufarira kwake munhu uye basa ichiriko.