The ehupfumi mari, ayo mashandiro uye mhando. mari zvitengeswa

The mari nerubatsiro wechiGeorgian chinopiwa nenzira mbiri. Ko mudane mari uye Banknotes. Kwakadaro mari chezita ukoshi (rakapiwa kwavari) unoenderana chaiye. Chimbofunga zvimwe zvakawanda mashandiro uye zvivako mari.

mari

Chimiro mari mhando iyi yakanga yakasiyana. Kutanga, kwave boxed, ipapo - weighting. Mari dzinouya vaiva zviratidzo mutemo wakadzikwa. The zvikuru yokuita chimiro mari simbi pakati - rwakapoteredza. Pakutanga kushandiswa sirivha nendarama mari. Yokupedzisira vakatamira munyika 2nd yezana remakore rechi19. Kuita mari nendarama kwaiva kuchikonzerwa zvechadenga simbi. Vanobvumira mari achitevedza chinangwa chavo inozoshandisirwa. Basic ehupfumi nesimbi mari iri yokuti vane pachavo mutengo wavo uye havasi pasi depreciation. Egoridhe vanoonekwa kuti zvakakwana kuchinja mari chiridzwa. Vanogona dzakashandisa yaivapo ezvinhu, pasina rusaruro kune avo varidzi. Kana nyika ine mari yakawanda nendarama, kureva nhamba yavo kwazvo chaizvo kwavari, ivo inotumirwa chengetedza. Kuri kudiwa mari aya vakadzoka uye kutanga zvakare kuti kushandiswa. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, izvozvo hakurevi chinhu matanho chaiwo waidzora nemari, sezvo zvinoitika pamwe Banknotes Somuenzaniso. Zvisinei, pane zvainovhiringidzawo. Zvinosanganisira zvinhu zvinotevera:

1. Gold kuchera vasina nguva kusunungurwa nenhumbi. In chechinyorwa chino, haripi kudikanwa mari.
2. Zvikuru inotakurika mari haigoni kushandiswa iri diki turnover.
3. Egoridhe vane zvakawanda anodhura pane mapepa.

mari

Russian bepa mari akazviratidza kutsiva egoridhe. Musiyano aizviti mutengo uye kukosha goho kuumba anobuda purofiti coffers. It anoita somunhu chinokosha vanzwe mari yenyika. Banknotes rakapa panguva imwe chete mari goridhe, zvishoma nezvishoma kutsiva rokupedzisira kurapwa. Pamwe chidzoke uye kukura bhajeti kuwedzerwa womumwe. Its ukoshi kunotemwa neHurumende kudiwa mari. Note nyaya iri hakunyatsotarisirwi turnover zvinodiwa. Automatic mashandiro dzichibvisa navo reserves iripo. Panyaya iyi, hachigoni nechokwadi mari yakatsiga.

depreciation

Kana nyika ine mari yakawanda kubva papepa, vanogona kuramba "maoko" pasinei turnover. Somugumisiro, havana zvikuru kutengesa hova uye kutanga kudzikisa ukoshi. Izvi zvinoitika nokuti kwezvikonzero zvinotevera:

1. Zvakawandisa ruzhinji kusunungurwa.
2. Zvinoderedza chivimbo kuti issuer.
3. Vanoshorwa reshiyo pakati ekisipoti uye imupota.

The chikuru pfuma Banknotes ndechokuti vari zviratidzo zvinokosha uye nekanzuru hurumende kufukidza dhefisiti iri bhajeti. Kazhinji, havana vakatsinhanisa nendarama uye rusununguko zvairayirwa zvazvingava.

chikwereti zviratidzo

Ivo akazviratidza pamwe kutanga kukura chinokosha kugadzirwa, mumamiriro ezvinhu umo Implementation yakanga kuitwa Yakabudiswa (chikwereti). chiitiko yavo zvimiso pamusoro Implementation ari mashandiro uye zvivako mari senzira muripo. Vanoshanda wengava inofanira kugadziriswa mune imwe nguva. Chinangwa manotsi kwoupfumi ndiko kuti:

1. Kufungisisa turnover mari zvinodiwa.
2. Kuchengetedza mari chaiko kutaurwa.
3. Inoita kuti pave asiri mari achishandisa sangano.

Banknote anokweretesa mari kuRussia. Vari nekanzuru Central Bank aite nhengo kushanda zvikwereti uye mberi siyana mabhizimisi kwendangariro. Kupa chikwereti rwezvemabhengi sangano rinogona govera pachake mari mukwereti wacho. Panoperera chikwereti chacho nguva yekushandiswa, vachava vakadzokera muunganidzwa chikwereti.

nevamwe zvinhu

Paper mari uye kubhengi manotsi Munokudzwa dzenhoroondo:

1. Pakazosvika nzira womumwe. Nyaya bepa mari rinoitwa Bazi Finance, uye mari - Central Bank.
2. Chinangwa kudzidzisa kupinda wechiGeorgian. mari Paper zvichiitirwa mari bhajeti dhefisiti, bhengi manotsi - business kwema.
3. The specificity resununguro. Banknotes akapinda wokufambisa chokuita zvikwereti nzira, izvo kuitwa pamwe chaiko kugadzirwa uye Implementation rikurumidze, pepa mavanga achatumirwa kupinda wokufambisa pasina ichi dzinosungirwa kuitwa.

Kana zvaipesana mbiri yakafanira mari anorasikirwa zvinobatsira avo uye kuva mukuru ehupfumi mari. Vatendeuke Pakadaro mari bepa zviratidzo.

ehupfumi mari

mari zviratidzo ave zvakasikwa nerokuti. Vane kunzwisisa maitiro ane zvitatu:

1. Pakarepo exchangeability. Izvi zvinoreva kuti chero chigadzirwa inogona kuchinjwa zvakananga pamusoro mari.
2. Independent chimiro zvokutsinhanisa-ukoshi. Mutengo zvigadzirwa siyana anova dzakafanana mashoko ari unyanzvi-gore rimwe chigadzirwa.
3. Chokunze zvokunyama muchimiro basa. All kana chikamu nesimba vane mari divi.

pakarepo exchangeability

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti ichi ndicho chikuru pfuma mari. Kunoratidza pachayo iri nedanho ita mutengano kana kutengeswa. Part chavagari Finance dzikwanise zvigadzirwa siyana, somunhu mutemo, zvinokosha nhumbi nomumwe kushandiswa. Mari, izvo chinangwa kudzikamisa mari inoshandiswa wayo uyewo, haagoni kushandiswa kutenga zvinhu zvavanoda pachavo zvavanoda. Kunyange zvakadaro, mune zvose nguva mari sokuti chinokosha - rakananga Exchange kwenhumbi uye mabasa.

Exchange ukoshi

The kuratidzwa pfuma ichi, mari ari mubishi okuwana basa huri chigadzirwa akaenzana nokuenzanisa mitengo dzaro mutengo zviratidzo. Items chinoratidzwa nemashoko zvokutsinhanisa-parameters (mitengo). Muchiitiko chino, mari ndiyo zvakasikwa nerokuti. Vane imwe rusununguko sangano. Mari inogona -wedzera mune mari, kubatanidzwa kwerunyararo mamiriro ezveupfumi pakati avo kana zvimwe vanhu. Panguva iyo ehupfumi mari haabvumiri kuti kugume kumhedziso upfumi. Izvi imhaka yokuti kufamba basa mari nguva dzose anoita sezvo mutengo chaiye chigadzirwa. Somuenzaniso, vakapiwa mari guru anofanira kufungwa nezvake uye mitengo yokurera kukanganisa redistribution rikurumidze.

mumagariro basa

Chokunze zvokunyama muchimiro basa iri kuti equating mari zvigadzirwa anoratidza nezviyero zviri mazviri kushanda ukoshi mazwi. In kwakajairika kacho, izvi nechiyero unhu chinzvimbo mune nyasha rokutenga mutengo nhumbi. Kubva quantitative nemaonero riri kuonekwa bhuku kugadzirwa.

sarudzo

Properties kubvumira kushandisa mari yavo kuti:

1. Cost zvemari dzinongoitika zvaizobudirira basa.
2. Kuenzanisa paruzhinji uye munhu kugadzirwa mabasa.
3. Kuenzanisa aronga uye chaiyo mari.

Nokupfupikisa Mabasa aya, tinogona kutaura kuti mari inoshandiswa kupa kudzora nechiyero basa uye kuparadzwa, kunyatsoongorora zvemari, maindasitiri uye zvoupfumi mabasa wekambani, ndizvidavirire nhamba, ongororo. A chaicho chinoratidza chokupika mabasa aya anoita somunhu kushandisa yakanaka mari.

Pricing

Voitakura munyika dzakawanda nzira. Maererano wechikoro, mukumisa mutengo kuti zvibereko inokosha basa ndezvaAroni zviratidzi mutengo uye utility. Sechikamu ichi kuitika, mari inotungamirwa rinoitwa somugumisiro equating nokuripisa mari. Kutungamirirwa Marx rechipiri vaiona. Iye akaisa zvikuru mashandiro mari sezvo mutengo zviyero. Marx aidavira kuti vatambi ave yakaenzana nomutengo zvigadzirwa. Nzvimbo yechitatu inosanganisira kushandisa mari iri Pricing nokuda kugona kwavo kuva nzira muripo.

zvemumba pfungwa

MuRussia, vakawanda kutungamirirwa kusimudzira matambudziko mari sezvo mari chiyero anoonekwa kuti zvinotevera:

1. Paumbwe mitengo nhumbi pasina kushandisa mari hazvibviri.
2. Price anoshumira mari ukoshi - kukosha zvigadzirwa.
3. Market zviratidzi vane okumusoro muganhu kutsauka. Inogona se'chipo zvakarurama: nechepazasi pachikumbaridzo = + mari kwemari, yokumusoro chikumbaridzozve = mubereko + kudiwa.
4. Kutsauka kunoita kuti redistribute yenyika chigadzirwa pakati siyana mabhora uye sectors vemo.
5. Mukuita mutengo kutsunga anofunga kushanda nhumbi, mari inoshandiswa, ukuru kudiwa uye mari nopindirana uye zvinodyidzana zvigadzirwa.

Specificity

The kwakaita mitengo iri rinokosha che magetsi hurongwa. Sechikamu ndarama mari mureza, kukosha imwe uremu achiumbwa nesimbi dzakabatana. Mitengo mishonga zvose kunoenderana zviri chendarama Banknotes. The ukoshi chikero anobva subsistence chechetere. Pamwe ichi yakatarwa uye ane Ivan Kuchin ukama. Kuona kutambudzwa mitengo chete nevatengi zvigadzirwa. Kana Transitional upfumi, zvose izvi pfungwa havasi interconnected uye vari kutsemura-chechetere.

ndyiko

Kushandiswa mari senzira kuverenga cho kumusika upfumi yakatanga. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, vakaisa mitengo kuita sezvo pfungwa akakwana oparesheni inotorwa patsika dzevanhu. Zvakachinja mari ichaita muchimiro mari isati zvoupfumi kugadzirisa, sangano haachinji mashandiro. Muzviitiko izvi, kuchinja pasi kutambudzwa mitengo.

turnover zvinoreva

In ezvinhu nayo mari anoonekwa kuchitsinhanisa nhume mubishi pamusoro mawa kufamba mabasa uye nenhumbi. Basa iri rinoitwa compulsorily nokuda chaiye vatambi, asi kwete nguva dzose, mukuru-mugiredhi. Chinangwa basa iri sezvinotevera:

1. Kubviswa quantitative uye Qualitative nemiganhu yakananga kuti vashambadzirane.
2. Kuona kuti Implementation pamusoro mari mari maererano nebasa mari.
3. Kubatanidzwa pakugoverwa uye redistribution pamusoro GDP.

Kana akaipa zviitiko mari vasina kuzadzikisa basa iri, tunhu kupanana naturalization. Izviwo, inotungamirira kuti chidzoke mumvuri upfumi.

matambudziko

Kana kuvhiringidzika mari ino (somuenzaniso, nokuda hyperinflation, kushaya zviratidzo "paruoko") rinobva pashoko chinangwa pakugwamba mari kuita sezvo svikiro. Izviwo, chinokurwadzai kukura ita mutengano, netting. Pane surrogates psevdodengi mumvuri upfumi inowedzerawo. Izvi zvinotisvitsa rutapudzo kuti bhajeti kubhadhara, asiri mubhadharo kutamiswa, kudukupiswa ari solvency wezvizvarwa, uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. wedzerai uye kudiwa.

kuunganidza mari

basa Izvi zvinoreva turnover ndarama kana kubhengi manotsi rusina kuchengeteka. Achiziva dambudziko iri, mari ave chinhu pamusoro macroeconomic zvakanyatsoenzana. Under ano ezvinhu, basa iri chokuita paMhedziso liquidity mari. Kusiyana nemamwe twa, chero zvazvingava, muridzi anokwanisa kubhadhara ayo mitoro. Uyezve, mari anogona kuponesa mari. pfuma iyi kunoratidzwa muna kukwanisa kushandisa rakakodzera nomutengo nhasi kuripira zvigadzirwa mune ramangwana.

Prerequisites kuti kuunganidza

Kukura vemo 'mari nokuda:

1. kuwedzera mari vemo.
2. Zvakachinja sechivako mutengi kudiwa yakananga refu rinodyiwa nhumbi.
3. Chido pakusika zvinhu nokuda kuenderera runozivikanwa upenyu pashure akaremara.
4. Chido kubvisa kupokana pakati zvinodyiwa uye mari vechiduku (mu iyi, mumari vanotorayirwa kuti kwerunyararo vana).

marudzi mari

The mari inogona leveraged zvisikwa. Panyaya iyi mari inoitwa nemabhengi nemamwe masangano zvemari. Izvi mhando nemari zvinoenderana musika ezvinhu, sezvo zvikwereti zvikoro kutora yemuraudzo mari reallocating zvavo ezvoupfumi zvavanofarira. Hoarding (mari mu mari) asina paruzhinji ukoshi. Kukura chimiro ichi chinokurwadzai gangaidzo kuchengetedza. Panyaya iyi, hurumende anotsamwa pamusoro kuparadzira Rwako zvemari. Money, achiita mashandiro kuwanda, kukanganisa rokutenga simba, kuchinja simba rayo sei placement kwayo zvichienderana hwevanhu uye inzwi rayo.

zvinoreva kuti mubhadharo

Kana mari basa sezvo svikiro zvokutsinhanisa, kufamba kwavo kunoitika panguva imwe chete sangano kwenhumbi. Kana muripo chaitwa basa mudziyo aumbwa kwekanguva pakakoromoka. Kupokana kufamba mari uye nenhumbi runoonekwa magazini ushande ichi. Implementation Its Rinobatanidzwa ne zvakasiyana sungiro uye kudiwa kuvabhadhara. Mari senzira muripo kushandiswa:

1. Kubhadhara, accrual kuti mudyandigere.
2. Kuripwa yemutoo wezvikwereti uye mubereko.
3. Implementation yomutero, uchatamisa kubhadhara.
4. Kuita mari inishuwarenzi.
5. Implementation matare uye administrative sarudzo.

Pakati zviri basa iri, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa:

1. The rusununguko rwokufamba mari asina chokuita kufamba kwenhumbi.
2. Kubatanidzwa dzakasiyana siyana mari - mari / asiri mari - sezvo zvechokwadi mari.
3. The tinogona kubatanidzwa pane chakaremara motokari.
4. Non-kuurayiwa basa kungakonzera mukana kuwedzera vachibhadhara dambudziko.

mari yose

The mari munyaya dzakawanda motokari. Kushandisa inoti dzavo dzakasiyana-siyana uye zvizvarwa vavatorwa (vagari uye nonresidents), akaaita nyika nezvinhu. Finance, kushumira dzakawanda mamiriro ezveupfumi, inonzi mari. Mari chiito sezvo vakawanda yakaenzana rine Mhedziso liquidity. Mari Global dzinoshandiswa kufukidza dhefisiti nechiyero vachibhadhara ari gadziriro dzakawanda exchange. Nhasi, zvibvumirano pamisika yokumwe vari US zvemadhora. mari iyi haisi inonyanya liquidity uye convertibility.

mhedziso

Nhasi dzaivapo uye raishandiswa pepa mari simbi. The yokupedzisira, zvisinei, haana nendarama. The mberi Chikamu specie rinonzi obverse, harungashandurwi - harungashandurwi. Ropa mari anonzi boka. Kuti adzivise ose zvakakanganisika, kuti mutsetse mari esimbi pakati yakaitwa dzichapambwa. In ezvinhu ano nechepakati pemahombekombe nyaya Banknotes vatakure imwe chiremera. At paro, vanoita sezvinonzi National mari, izvo anoita pamusoro munharaunda imwe nyika. In kugadzirwa aikosha mapepa. Kudzivirira pamusoro tampering dziviriro kushandisa. Mari kubva kukura pamusika ukama yava kukosha. Nguva zvinhu zviri vakatsinhanisa zvinhu, chinhu chekare. Zvisinei, nhasi pane muitiro ita mutengano kwema. Zvisinei, riparadzirwe mari kunoonekwa sechinhu pokutanga muupenyu zvoupfumi kwema. Finance mikana yakawanda zvose veruzhinji nemasangano. Kuwanikwa mari anoshumira chimiro kunyoresa pamutemo masangano. Izvi zvinoshandawo zvikurukuru zvemari masangano. By bhuku nokururama zvinofungidzirwa kuenderera zviri zvebhizimisi pamisika, kukwanisa wayo mari, kuda kubhadhara mitoro. Kwete mari shoma zvinokosha vanhu. Vanhu vakawanda vanoshandisa mari yavo kuti atenge avo kana zvimwe zvinhu kana mabasa. Part chavagari ruchigona kuunganidza mari kuitira kuzvimirira zvemari mune nguva inouya. Pokutanga mari kana mari kazhinji ndakatsunga zvichienderana zvoupfumi ezvinhu mukati munyika uye munyika. Zvakafanana kukosha iyi ndiyo kugadzikana "anoratidza" kuti mari. Izvi zvinosanganisira, kunyanya zvinosanganisira euro uye dhora. Hapana mubvunzo ndiye okuti mari zvakanaka, imwe yakakwana azvipire solvency chavagari, mabhizimisi uye hurumende yose kunoratidza mukuru zvinakire vagari, mararamiro uye kushanda ezvinhu munyika. Pane dzakakwirira, mikana yakawanda hurumende ine yakatsiga zvikuru upfumi, nyore kurarama chero inokanganisa.