The July Revolution uye French Revolution pamusoro 1830: description, nhoroondo uye migumisiro

Pakupera ari XVIII remakore paiva chimurenga guru muFrance. Kwakatevedzana Makore akanga hazvisi rugare. The kuuya nesimba Napoleon uye kukunda kwake, uko kwakaguma somugumisiro kukundwa mushure "Zana Days" kwakaita kuti chokwadi chokuti masimba vakunde kwakaitwa nyika kudzoreredzwa Bourbons. Asi ushe Louis XVIII kuti kuchiva haina ikadzikama. Achidzokera simba vanokudzwa anoda dzokutsiva, vakaita udzvanyiriri kuzorwa Republicans, uye chete vakakuchidzira okutsutsumwa. Mambo akanga achirwara kuti kunyange zvakazara kubata zvikuru zvenzara matambudziko, akanga asingakwanisi kuenderera nyika yake mberi kana mari kana zvematongerwo enyika. Asi vakafa chirwere muna 1824, ndiye aiva mambo wokupedzisira French, uyo akanga asina rinoputswa kumukira kana nevapanduki. Sei, pashure porufu rwake chakaitika July Revolution (1830), iro kare kudana "mbiri mazuva matatu"?

Prerequisites July Revolution pamusoro 1830: basa bourgeoisie

Chii chinokonzera of July Revolution muFrance? Pakazosvika 1830s, capitalism muWestern Europe akasimbisa nzvimbo yaro. MuEngland, akapedza kwemaindasitiri muFrance uye kukurumidza kutanga fekitari kugadzirwa (iyi nyika mberi Belgium uye Prussia).

Izvi zvakakonzera nokusimbaradza pokudzora kwomudzimu maindasitiri bourgeoisie, iyo yava chakabvamburwa simba, apo hurumende akadzivirira zvido chete revatongi varidzi uye nevafundisi dzakakwirira. Izvi ane kunambwa upfumi kukura ehurumende. Ratidziro manzwiro dzakawedzerwa nemashoko tsamwisa maitiro vatama kubva revatongi ezvinhu, izvo pangozi kudzorerwa pre-echimurenga murayiro.

Mukuwedzera, bourgeoisie, uye mune zvakatipoteredza ichi kwaiva Republicans vakawanda vaitsigira chimurenga, akanga asingafari pamwe kukura basa vaJesuit muimba youmambo, administrative zvivako, uyewo muzvikoro.

Murayiro pamusoro remuneration ose ekare vanotodzoka

Muna 1825, nyika yakaita mutemo pasi iyo vatama kubva aimbova vakakwirira vakagamuchira muripo iri mari inenge bhiriyoni mafranc zviri kukuvadza, ndiko kuti, nyika atorwe. mutemo uyu aifanira kusimbisa nzvimbo vakakwirira munyika zvakare. Asi iye zvakagumbura maviri chete makirasi - vanhuwo zvavo uye bourgeoisie. The yokupedzisira yakanga vasingagutsikane chokuti mari kubhadhara kuna vakakwirira, chokwadi, akaita tichiregeredza yacho rentier, nokuti vaifunga kuti mari kutendeuka ichi vachapa hurumende rents kubvira 5 kusvika 3%, uye ichi zvakananga kunokanganisa mari yacho bourgeoisie.

Chakagamuchirwa panguva imwecheteyo "mitemo kumhura", iyo mhosva chitendero vari oma chaizvo Zvirango kunge akatorwa, uyewo vakakuchidzira Kusagutsikana mukirasi, nokuti akaona kudzokera mazuva akare.

The maindasitiri dambudziko sechinhu chinodiwa kuti July Revolution

Zvinokonzera kuti July Revolution pakati 1830 uyewo akarara pakuti muna 1826 paiva maindasitiri dambudziko munyika. Yaiva chaiwo dambudziko overproduction, asi chokutanga cyclic dambudziko rakatarisa France anoteverwa England. Iye chikatsiviwa refu danho mwoyo. The dambudziko rakaenderana anoverengeka makore chirimwa kukundikana kuti akarwarisa nzvimbo bourgeoisie, vashandi uye vanhuwo zvavo. Mumaguta, vakawanda atarisana nekusagona kuwana basa mumisha - nzara.

The maindasitiri bourgeoisie wakarovererwa mhosva nokuda chiitiko pamusoro simba, achipomera hurumende kuti nokuda yakakwirira tsika mabasa ari zviyo, mafuta uye pakugadzira zvinhu mutengo mutengo French zvigadzirwa riri kukura, uye makwikwi avo misika nyika Falls.

The kwezvinovharidzira vokutanga uye kuchinja hurumende

Muna 1827, kwakanga, saka kutaura, mumwe edzesero vechimurenga. Zvadaro, maererano sarudzo kusvika Chamber of vevatariri muParis, pakanga pasina zvinoreva kuratidzira murunyararo kushanda-kirasi nharaunda vakanga akavaka kwezvinovharidzira uye akabatana vapanduki ropa nhaurwa nemapurisa.

Saizvozvowo 1827 musarudzo mavhoti akawanda scored liberals, uyo akabvunza pakuwedzera nesarudzo mutemo, hurumende kuzvidavirira kuna reparamende, kodzero omunharaunda kuzvitonga uye zvakawanda. Somugumisiro, Korol Karl X akamanikidzwa kusiya hurumende ultraroyalistskoe. Asi hurumende itsva dzinotungamirirwa Count Martignac, izvo remuSamoa akatsvaka kutsauswa pakati bourgeoisie uye kwamachinda, mambo haana kufanana. Uye kamwe zvakare vanoti hurumende, akaumba itsva cabinet pamusoro Ultra uye akaisa kumusoro wake kufarira, ivo Duke pakati Polignac, murume vakazvipira kwaari pachake.

Zvichakadaro, Makakatanwa yakawedzera, uye kuchinja hurumende kuti chakakonzera.

Zvakatongwa July 26, uye abolition of Charter 1814

King aidavira kuti vane mafungiro kunyunyuta anogona akakurirwa tightening nzira. Uye maviri wechitanhatu muna July 1830 mupepanhau "Monitor" dzakabudiswa zvakatongwa, chaizvoizvo, chabvisa nzvimbo Constitutional Charter pakati 1814. Zvino raiva izvi mamiriro hurumende, vakakunda Napoleon akararamazve poumambo muFrance. Vagari kubvuma zvakatongwa izvi sezvo nevapanduki kuedza. Kunyanya kubva mabasa aya, nokunyima France chokuzvisarudzira paruzhinji masangano, sezvaakandiudza vakanga.

First Chisungo chakagumisa rusununguko rwokubudisa nhau, ichiputswa Yechipiri Chamber of Parliament, uye wechitatu, Chokwadi, waiva mutemo mutsva nesarudzo, maererano izvo kuderera kwenhamba vevatariri uye kwakaderedza nhamba vavhoti zvakafanana Chamber akaramba kodzero kurishandura aitorwa mutemo. Chisungo chechina vakagadzwa kuva chirongwa akazaruka pakati Chambers.

Kuvamba kusagadzikana kwevanhu: mamiriro ezvinhu guru

King aiva nechivimbo musimba hurumende. No zviyero nokuti zvichibvira mhirizhonga pakati vakawanda havana kutarisirwa, sezvo mutariri mapurisa Mangin akati kuti vokuParis uye kwete kufamba. Duke pamusoro Polignac vakatenda, nokuti ndaifunga kuti vanhu vose haana basa nesarudzo hurongwa. Panyaya dzakaderera makirasi zvakanga, asi zvinodiwa bourgeoisie mirayiro akabata zvikuru.

Zvisinei, hurumende vafunga kuti bourgeoisie haana kuda kutora zvombo. Saka, muguta guru paiva varwi 14 zviuru chete, uye nokuda kuchinjwa matanho Paris mamwe masimba akatorwa. Mambo akaenda kuvhima muna rambouillet, apo akaronga kuenda yaaigara ari Saint-Cloud.

Mugumisiro zvisungo kuratidza muna Palais Royal

Zvisungo vauya akazivikanwa nevoruzhinji kamwe. Asi zvakaitwa kwavari akanga akasimba. Panguva Stock Exchange akawira zvinoshamisa kubvaruka. Zvichakadai, vatori venhau, uye vane muunganidzwa akapfuura mupepanhau "constitutionalists", akasarudza kubudisa kutsutsumwa pamusoro nezviga, uye rakanyorwa nenzira kumbonyanya unopinza mazwi.

Pazuva iroro, paiva misangano inoverengeka vevatariri. Zvisinei, vakakundikana kusvika zvimwe chisarudzo uye akabatana vairatidzira chete kana zvaiita kuti pamhirizhonga iyoyo anogona kuzadzisa chinangwa chavo. Sezvineiwo, mutongi vakatsigira vapanduki. Akumbirwa "Tan" pepanhau "Courrier Francais," uye vamwe, Commercial Court uye dare First Somuenzaniso akarayira imba kudhinda kudhinda akatevedzana nhamba pamwe chinyorwa kunyunyuta, nekuti nezviga inopesana Charter uye asingagoni kusunga vagari.

Manheru, maviri wechitanhatu yaJuly muna Palais Royal akatanga mienzanisiro. Vairatidzira akaimba masirogani "pasi vashumiri!" The Duke pamusoro Polignac, uyo akanga akatasva ari mungoro yake achitevedza boulevards, nenzira inoshamisa apukunyuka vazhinji.

Zvakaitika July 27: bharikedhi

The July Revolution muFrance muna 1830 akatanga musi wa27 July. On nhasi, Typography akavharwa. Vashandi dzavo mumigwagwa, vachikweva vamwe vashandi navapfuri vesimbi. Vanhu vomuguta pavaikurukura nemitemo uye rakabudiswa venhau vanogunun'una. Panguva iyoyowo vokuParis vakadzidza kuti murayiro mauto muguta guru vachatitaka Marmont, uyo yaisafarirwa pakati pavanhu. Zvisinei, Marmont haana kufarira nezviga ikadziviswa vakuru uye varege kutanga kupfura chero bedzi vapanduki havana kutanga gunfight, uye pfuti hondo aiziva kwepfuti dzinenge makumi mashanu.

Pazuva iri mumigwagwa Paris kumusoro kwezvinovharidzira. By manheru vakanga vachirwa, vaikurudzira zvakanga ainyanya vadzidzi. Kwezvinovharidzira muna Saint-Honoré mumugwagwa vakatorwa mauto. Asi mhirizhonga yakaramba iri guta, uye Polignac akazivisa kuti Paris rakanga rakakombwa. Mambo akaramba ari Saint-Cloud, pasina wakabva ayo dzose purogiramu uye kunyatsoongorora kuvanda zviratidzo mwoyo.

Zvakaitika 28 July: Kupanduka mberi

The mukumukira kuti takurirwa Paris, vakapinda kwete bedzi vadzidzi uye venhau, asiwo zviduku bourgeoisie, kusanganisira vatengesi. Kurutivi vapanduki uye varwi navakuru - yokupedzisira akatungamirira hondo zvombo. Asi guru bourgeoisie zvemari akatora kumirira.

Asi maviri rorusere July, zvakava pachena kuti kupanduka kwakapararira. Yakanga nguva kusarudza uyo kujoina.

Zvakaitika July 29: asi Tuileries uye Louvre

Zuva rakatevera vapanduki kurwa vatora Tuileries. Pamusoro pake waiva tricolor vanomutswa panguva French Revolution. Mauto vakakundwa. Vakamanikidzwa shure youmambo yakagara Saint-Cloud, asi regiments wandei vakabatanawo vapanduki. Zvichakadai, vokuParis vakatanga skirmish pamwe Swiss Guards, pfungwa seri muvharanda of Louvre, uye akamanikidza muchiuto kupukunyuka.

Zviitiko izvi akaratidza vevatariri kuti simba kudivi vapanduki. Ake chakazoitwa uye vokubhengi. Vakatora pamusoro utungamiriri kukunda yemuna, kusanganisira administrative mabasa uye kuona kwokupandukira guta zvokudya.

Zvakaitika July 30: zviito The yehurumende

Ari St. Cloud anofungidzirwa vakaedza kunyengera Charles X, achitsanangura kwaari mamiriro ezvinhu vechokwadi muParis akaumba mumwe cabinet itsva, dzinotungamirirwa ari Duke pakati Mortemart akamutswa, mutsigiri of Charter muna 1814. Bourbon youmambo yakanga isisiri kuponesa.

The July Revolution pamusoro 1830, iro rakatanga sezvo kupandukira zvairambidzwa rusununguko uye kurwisa hurumende Polignac, akatendeukira masirogani pamusoro pakuputsa namambo. Mubati ushe akanzi Duke Louis Kuvshinov Orleansky, uye kusarudza akanga diki - puranga maererano nomufananidzo inondimukira bourgeoisie nezvokuva simba rakadaro kana kuutapwa.

August 1 Charles X akamanikidzwa kusaina mutemo. Asi iye abdicated vachida muzukuru wake. Zvisinei, izvozvo hazvina basa. Papera vhiki mbiri, Charles X nemhuri yake vakatama kuEngland, Lui Kuvshinov akava mambo, akapora muduku wacho asina kutsiga kuti, anonzi July umambo, kusvikira 1848.

Zvakazokonzerwa July Revolution pakati 1830

Ndezvipi migumisiro July Revolution? To simba muFrance akauya, chokwadi, zvikuru mari yeChina. Ivo kwakatadzisa pokugadzwa zvokuvhoterwa uye kudzamisa vechimurenga, asi rakazoshandiswa sunungukei chata, izvo akaderedza pfuma zvinodiwa vavhoti uye kuwedzera kodzero Chamber of vevatariri. Vakanga kungogumira kurudyi revafundisi Catholic. Hwakareba kodzero kugamuchira hurumende dzematunhu, asi kuguma rose simba ari matunhu neminisiparati matare vachiri vakagamuchira mitero yakakura. Asi mitemo utsinye pamusoro vashandi, hapana akafunga hwokufungazve.

ускорила восстание в соседней Бельгии, где, впрочем, революционеры выступали за образование самостоятельного государства. July Revolution kubva 1830 muFrance yave yakaitawo yemuna iri pedyo Belgium, zvisinei, apo, ari kuipandukira waitsigira paumbwe yakazvimirira mamiriro. Revolutionary panomuka muna Saxony uye dzimwe inoti German, Poland akamukira Russian Empire, uye zvichiwedzera kurwira dzeparamende kuchinja mu England.