The kutiza rokutanga Wright hama: kutanga nhoroondo avhiyesheni

Seiko vanhu kubhururuka seshiri? mubvunzo uyu unoratidza hope-refu vakamira dzevanhu yedenga pamusoro kutiza. Ndokuatakurira kunze, vanhu vakaita ivo mapapiro uye akaedza kubhururuka, flapping pavo. Vazhinji kuedza izvi ndokuguma rufu vakashinga. Ngatiyeukei chete wekare ngano pamusoro Icarus ...

Nyaya ndege rinoda chaizvo uye tsanzira Artist uye muvambi Leonardo da Vinci, uyo akadzidza maumbirwo shiri, mapapiro azvo. Akaedza kumisa hunhu hwavo kutiza. Iye kunyange akaita vanodhirowa of ndege - a kumumvuri yazvino neherikoputa.

Kubva munhoroondo kukunda kudenga

Pakutanga murume akakwanisa kukwira kumakore ari chibharuma. Yaiva November 21, 1783. Chibharuma-mhepo chibharuma afunga kuti Montgolfier nehama, vakanonga vanhu vaviri kuti nekukwirira 1 km uye kusvika hafu yeawa Kwapera ivo tikamira zvakanaka chinhambwe 9 km.

Muna 1853, D. Keighley akavaka yokutanga nyore giraidha kuti akakwanisa kusimudza munhu mumhepo. Sezvo kuvakwa gliders vanogara hwakavandudzika. Zvisinei, ndege siyana uye refu zvawanzwa. Zvakanga kubudirira kukuru, nokuti giraidha kunorema kupfuura mhepo. Asi hope yakasununguka, yakazvimirira kuda mhepo, raitungamirwa wacho ndege asati aziva.

Izvi zvinogona chete kuzadzisa Bratya Rayt (1903), kusika ndege yayo yokutanga. kukunda kwavo akanga akatsunga nokuda zvinhu zvakawanda, kusanganisira unhu.

Bratya Rayt: A Biography

Hama Wilbur uye Orvill Rayt akaberekwa muUnited States vari mufundisi kumhuri. Tsika dzechechi yePurotesitendi, akaisa panotangira rakaoma basa chero kubudirira, vave nhomba kubvira pauduku. Kuti waivako kwakavabatsira kuti vabudirire pazvinangwa zvavo uye kuvaka yokutanga yenyika ndege pamwe injini. Pasina akatevera, uye nyeredzi pfungwa - kutiza Wright hama yokutanga. Asi vakanga dzidzo kwete chete yepamusoro, kunyange chesekondari vakanga vasingakwanisi kupedzisa nokuda upenyu ezvinhu. Wilbur akakuvara uye vaisagona kuenda Yale University. Aifanira kushanda kubudiswa mubhizimisi, Orville. Zvino kwakange nokugadzirwa chokutanga Wright hama - muchina wokudhinda wake zvakagadzirwa.

Muna 1892, hama akazarura bhasikoro chitoro kutengeserana munguva pfupi nguva akasika kwaunonogadziriswa, uye gare gare yakasimbiswa vasunungurwa. Asi zvose nguva yake kupembedza vane vakazvipira ndege. Pakupedzisira, izvozvo kunobva kutengeswa nemabhasikoro uye akavapa mari dzakawanda kuedza zviri pakusikwa ndege yokutanga.

Kugadzirira wokutanga muchitiza; penya unyanzvi

Hama dziri chaizvo zvinonyatsoda pfungwa ballooning. Ivo vakadzidza zvose mabhuku zvinowanikwa panguva ndege, yakawanda vachiedza. Takavaka gliders anoverengeka uye akabhururuka kwavari, vanobudirira nemigumisiro yakanaka. Kuti vawedzere Nokusimudzwa simba pamusoro bapiro, kusingaperi kuedza vakatakura pachake vakasikwa mhepo mugero. Kuedzwa configurations siyana pamusoro bapiro uye hwindimiri mashizha.

Somugumisiro kwokugadziridza vakasikwa nzira nokuda Pakusarudza chikwidzo.

Uye pakupedzisira, kupenya peturu injini inokwana 12 horsepower kuti ndege, zvakare, vakazviita Bratya Rayt. Sezvo izvi zvakare haana kurangarira Velikogo Leonardo, mberi nguva yake!

Chokutanga ndege yacho Wright hama

Mumakore mana kuti kubva pakatsaurirwa kutanga kuedza vane kites uye gliders, hama yatochenera pakuvaka akakwanisa ndege. ndege rekutanga Wright hama inonzi "Flyer". airframe yakaitwa kubva spruce, ari hwindimiri racho akaveza matanda. With huremu 283 kg asi mapapiro otsvaira midziyo yaiva 12 m.

Tichifunga injini, vesivshego 77 makirogiramu uye vachipfuma kunyatsoshanda kuwanikwa apo analogues, ndege yokutanga mari creators ayo zvishoma pane $ 1,000!

Kutiza Wright Brothers 'kutanga

The bvunzo chezvematongerwe ndege itsva yakanga yakarongwa December 1903. Vose hama, Chokwadi, kuti ave wokutanga. The dambudziko, vakasarudza nyore chaizvo - pafiripi mari. Kuva mutyairi yokutanga yenyika Wilbur akawira. Asi akanga asina rombo. The ndege akanga asingakwanisi kuita kutiza, kubva pakarepo pashure yasimuka yakadonha uye akakuvara.

Akatevera kuedza akaita kare Orville. December 17 ane musoro mhepo 43 km / h akakwanisa kusimudza chairema mudenga kuti nekukwirira anenge mamita 3, uye kuchengeta mumasekonzi 12. Kukunda ndege kure yakanga 36,5 m.

Pazuva iri hama zvinozoita akaita 4 ndege. Wokupedzisira wavo, kana ndege yakanga piloted kubudikidza Wilbur, yakatora kwerinenge miniti. A kure aiva zvinopfuura 250 m.

Oddly zvakakwana, kutiza Wright hama okutanga haana atambudzwe veruzhinji, kunyange zvazvo akanga aona vanhu vashanu.

Pakanga pane kutiza?

Zuva rakatevera, pashure kubhururuka chete mumapepanhau shoma duku akabudiswa mishumo nezvazvo, mashoko okuti akatadza uye akapfuura kuzviona. Uye muna Dayton, guta rokumusha vokutanga aviators, ichi chiitiko shamisa chokwadi kazhinji kunooneka.

Asi zvakaoma kutsanangura chokwadi kuti hapana akaona kuti ndege "Flyer II" iri kare 105 Flights dzakaitwa pamusoro rinotevera gore! Wechitatu "Flyer" umo hama dziri kubhururuka kumativi Daytona, zvakare haana kugamuchira pfungwa zvavo.

Uyezve, muna 1906, rimwe pepanhau yakabudisa nyaya yaiti "Flyer kana nhema?", Ndokuupfurira Ndeupi mubvunzo pamusoro nebudiriro Wright hama.

Rakanga yokupedzisira mashanga kuti zvakazoita kuti kusarudza kuratidza nyika kukwanisa kudzora Flights pamusoro Unit, iro kunorema kupfuura mhepo. Uye muna 1908, imwe ndege yacho Wright hama dzakanga zvifambiswe mhiri Atlantic Ocean. Ivo kufanorongwa muenzaniso Flights: Wilbur - muParis uye Orville - muUnited States.

Hama kunyange akarongeka zviitiko kutengesa kuvamba yake, akabudirira zvikuru. Kunze mukurumbira ballooning mapiyona vatowana uye zvinhu kugutsikana. Kutiza Wright hama vateereri yokutanga yakanga hunogutsa kuti hurumende US chibvumirano navo, umo hurumende bhajeti nyaya nerubatsiro ndege rakaiswawo muna 1909 nokuti hondo. It anopa pagadzirwe anoverengeka makumi ezviuru ndege.

Wokutanga tsaona

Zvinosuruvarisa, wokutanga yavose kuratidzwa kutiza pamusoro ndege, uye chakaratidza wokutanga munhoroondo avhiyesheni nenjodzi.

Izvozvo zvakaitika muna September 1908. Orville Wright "Flyer III", iro paakagadzwa mamwe chigaro, akabvisa kubva uto mujinga Fort Myer. Somugumisiro, kukundikana rworudyi injini Ndege akaguma yepamusorosoro, zvakanga asingakwanisi equalize. Passenger - Lt. Thomas Selfridge - akafa somugumisiro cranial kunotevera kugamuchira kana kurova pasi. Orville pachake vakapukunyuka pamwe mitswe ari muhudyu uye mbabvu.

Pasinei neizvi, chibvumirano akanga aita muchiuto. Uye kukudza Wright hama zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti ichi ndicho chete zvakakomba tsaona zvakaitika mumakore navo.

Zvisinei, muna 1909, pedyo muedzo ndege muParis namafuro mutsaona vakauraya French aviator Lefebvre, mudzidzi ari Wright hama. Ichi chaiva chikonzero nei Russia atova akagadzirira kusaina chibvumirano kuti nerubatsiro ndege, akavarega.

Kukura avhiyesheni

Kufanana mikuru Zvakawanikwa vanhu, ivo ndege vakatanga kushandiswa zvinangwa zvechiuto. The ndege yokutanga yakatanga kushandiswa muna World War First muchimiro zvemuchadenga ushori. Panguva payo, zvakava pachena kuti ndege tinoshandurirwa muedzo simba kana vachifanira kutakura zvombo uye mabhomba.

gondohwe wokutanga mhepo yakanga vaberekawo muHondo Yenyika I, Russian mutyairi wendege Petrom Nesterovym.

Pashure pehondo, ndege akatanga kushandiswa nokuda chokufambisa yokukurumidzira zvokushandisa, kunyanya tumira. Zvadaro, kwakanga mutakurwi ndege. Hondo Yenyika II, uye vadekara ezvinhu munyika zvakakonzera Flights vafambi.

Pakupedzisira, kuvandudzika kuti mhepo chokufambisa akudzivisa zhinji zvomumvura mabasa uye njanji nemitsetse. Kasira waiva mukana mikuru avhiyesheni, zvikurukuru veMubatanidzwa supersonic ndege.

Orvill Rayt, uyo akafa akwegura 77 muna 1948, akakwanisa kuona kuti ndege rave kushandiswa munyika. Uilbur Rayt akava nedambudziko typhus muna 1912.

ndege rekutanga Wright hama zvino anopindura nenzvimbo dzinokudzwa paNational Aviation Museum uye US nzvimbo chirongwa. Ari nani kuzivikanwa kwete se "Flyer I", uyewo "Kitty Hawk" - musoro nzvimbo akatanga akatora mumhepo, uye nokudaro akazarura nguva kukunda penyanza mhepo.