The kwoupfumi mananara haushandi ... Types zvoupfumi mananara

Shoko rokuti "Upfumi" rine midzi yawo muGirisi yekare uye kunosanganisira midzi mbiri "oikos" uye "Nomos". First muchiGiriki anonzi zvichishandurwa sezvo imba kana purazi, uye wechipiri - murayiro. Somugumisiro, upfumi - mitemo, mitemo, mwero rokuchenesa. Dudziro pfungwa iyi anopfuura zviviri zvamakore zvakakwana achinja uye yemwoyo.

Modern kududzirwa pfungwa

Chekutanga, upfumi - upfumi pacharo (muunganidzwa zvinhu, maturusi zvinhu, zvinhu pakunamata uye zvinhu nyika, murume akashandiswa kupa chakakodzera ezvinhu muupenyu hwavo uye kugutsikana zvinodiwa).

Kududzirwa ichi rokuti pasi pakudzokorora - Maonero kwayo sezvo isingachinji uye vakashandisa upenyu-rutsigiro mugadziriro, uyewo kuramba uye kuvandudza mamiriro ezvinhu ariko rwevanhu.

Chechipiri, upfumi - a sainzi (muviri ruzivo pamwe maererano emari uye akabatanidza basa kwevanhu) pamusoro ouchenjeri kushandisa dzakasiyana-siyana, kazhinji zvishoma, zvinhu kuti zvinodiwa nomunhu munhu uye nzanga yose zvayo zvinokosha; hwevanhu zvisaitike muitiro management.

Economics somunhu sayenzi sezvo upfumi pacharo terminologically kusiyaniswa nokusuma maviri etymologically ukama pfungwa - "dzezvoupfumi" uye "upfumi". Chokutanga - zvakananga upfumi (upfumi mu kuratidzwa panyama), uye wechipiri - science zvoupfumi - zvoupfumi dzidziso. kwetsinga Izvi zvinobatsira kuti kunzwisisa pfungwa iri nani.

Zvinonzi vaidavira kuti upfumi sezvo sayenzi yakatanga zvichishandurwa nokuda kunoshamisa muzivi akare - Socrates (470-390 BCE ...). Zvinosuwisa Akasiparidza huru dzinoungana uye mumigwagwa, saka vasina kunyorwa hweizvi. Pakafa muzivi basa rake rakanga zvakaramba vadzidzi vepedyo - Plato uye Xenophon. Vakaudza vanhu kuti iye akashanda Socrates pairi.

Zvinofanira yakajekeswa kuti zvakananga kushandiswa rokuti "zvoupfumi" mumutauro wokuRussia anonzi kururama, saka zviri kutsiviwa rokuti "upfumi pfungwa."

Kubva pfungwa nemaonero chinangwa maonero mafungiro (sechinhu zvoupfumi, uye chitunha ruzivo nezvazvo), uye vamwe vanyori kuziva kukosha rechitatu upfumi: nevamwe yomuka pakuitika rokutanga kugadzirwa, uchiteverwa kuparadzira, ipapo exchange, uye pakupedzisira, mutengi zvinhu uye mabasa.

Saka, upfumi - zvokurima, sayenzi payo, uyewo basa uye nevamwe wayo kwacho.

Kududzirwa Dzidziso "mananara zvoupfumi uye pezvakaitwa"

Ndivo migumisiro mawa zvaiitwa vakawanda zvinokonzera upfumi nemunhu. pezvakaitwa Economic uye mananara anobudiswa akaramba ichishanduka uye nokuparadza (vari kuramba chitsungo). Izvi yavo anonzi dialectic. Mienzaniso zviitiko uye pezvakaitwa akadaro kunogona kuva: exchange kwenhumbi, . Bankruptcy, mari, yokutengesa, etc. Asi enyika yokutengesa kune zveupfumi mananara haushandi.

Economic muitiro - padariro yemhindumupindu zvinhu kugadzira, uyewo yaro zvibereko mauto (. Direct vaburitsi, avo unyanzvi, ruzivo, unyanzvi, ruzivo, etc.) uye kuumbwa maererano zvavo kugadzirwa ukama, kusanganisira vane maererano kuti muridzi hukama pamusoro iripo nzira inoshandiswa (private, pamwe, mamiriro, uye zvichingodaro. d.), chinjanai mabasa nemhaka weboka basa uye ukama ari kuparadzirwa aripo upfumi.

Inside zveupfumi pezvakaitwa maviri chaiwo evanhu kusakarongeka rukoko anogona kusiyaniswa: wokutanga - pemvura (zvinoonekwa nemaziso), uye wechipiri - yomukati (kuvanzika pakuongorora). Investigation nemaziso mamiriro ezveupfumi pachena kuwanikwa wose, saka kubva pauduku, munhu unoumba chaiwo mafungiro zvoupfumi kwakavakirwa pazivo chaiyo utariri mashandiro. Aya ndiwo mafungiro tinoberekwa unowanzosangana kuzviitira. Zvinonzi chete imwe nemaonero rimwe chete munhu uye ari kakawanda kwakavakirwa zvishomanana uye munhu mumwe chete angoramba ruzivo.

Economic dzidziso uyewo anoda kuziva womukati kugutsikana uye sei vamwe kwoupfumi mananara vari dyidzana nevamwe (causal kwavo ukama).

The kupatsanura pakati azvaiitwa

Socio-upfumi mananara vari rakakamurwa dzazvinogara mhando, uyewo mifananidzo, kwakavakirwa nzira dzakadai evanhu hunhu uye zvinofarirwa kwenzanga, chimiro Implementation kwavo neimwe muvanhu. Kupesana Izvi zvimiso, Zvisinei, zvinobatsira kuisa dzakawanda zviri zvavo uye uwandu zvinoitwa kushanda kwavo.

Mhando upfumi rakadai rinogona dziya maererano zvinotevera:

1. hunhu evanhu nyaya inobvumira kusiyanisa Mapato matatu zvoupfumi pezvakaitwa uye zvakavapo:

• kirasi hunhu (huru vatambi uye achidzinga simba - kuMudzidzisi makirasi);
• National hunhu (huru Rinokurudzira - rudzi);
• munhu munyika hunhu (vatambi - social mapoka uye strata chavagari munyika).

2. Mamiriro zviri zvinosanganisira zvinotevera socio-zvoupfumi mananara uye pezvakaitwa:

• With maererano kugadzirisa zvinozivikanwa musayenzi uye kwesayenzi chimurenga;
• pachinhu pakugadzirisa chaizvo matambudziko maererano nokushanda kwenhengo ari rwezvemabhengi uye mumaindasitiri guta;
• pakugadzirisa matambudziko Inter-dzemadzinza ukama;
• With maererano nezvokugadzirisa zvinetso kodzero dzavo uye norusununguko.

3. Kukura kudzika nezviito vavo vanozivikanwa zvinotevera pezvakaitwa zvoupfumi uye zvakavapo:

• dzakawanda uye mudzimba;
• omunharaunda uye pamwero uye nevamwe.

Socio-upfumi mananara zvinogonawo kukamurwa: rokuparadza uye kunovaka, Transitional uye yakatsiga.

In dzezvoupfumi, ruzhinji kwemasayendisiti vari zvinodyidzana. Chinhu chinokosha hakusi bedzi chokwadi kuti vasabatwa neukama pakati upfumi urongwa uye mananara, asiwo avo kufanotaura uye vakarongeka utariri nokupa kwemasvomhu quantitation. Izvi paine nhamba. Saka rimwe boka zviratidzi anoita se zvinhu (chinokonzera), zvichikonzera simba tipiwe zviratidzi kuti dzinonzi zvibereko.

Anoongorora ukama dzinoiswa inobva hunhu, zvichienderana nzira uye kudzidza kukurukurirana. Zvoupfumi mananara regai inosanganisira: magetsi kwemiviri kuora ane neerekitironi, kachiedza chezuva, chando, etc ...

upfumi nzira

Zviri sayenzi chete maererano kune nzira ruzivo uye kudzidza zvoupfumi zvinhu zvoupfumi mananara. It vakasarudza govera rwevanhu uye yakananga nzira ruzivo zvoupfumi mananara.

Uyewo, kutanga panofanira zvinotevera nzira:

1. Pfuma dialectic (pezvakaitwa zvose uye zviitiko vakaongorora mu kuramba emuchina, kugara kukura uye pedyo ukama).
2. Scientific abstraction (zvaida hurumende ichiisa zvinokosha zviri kudzidzwa mananara uye pezvakaitwa, apo tichidzivisa yechipiri).
3. Kubatana enhoroondo uye musoro ruzivo (Kuongorora munzanga tichitarisa nhoroondo kutevedzana kuwedzera chezvaizoitika nzira yokudzidza unoratidza kutevedzana ari kubuda uye shanduka mitemo zvoupfumi uye mhando).

Private nzira kudzidza zvoupfumi Migumisiro zvinosanganisira:

1. Economics uye Mathematics (tsanangudzo Qualitative uye quantitative maitiro izvi zvakavapo uye ane muzvizhinji pakati Misiyano kupfuura zvakakodzera mhinduro hupfumi dambudziko).
2. Ongororo uye kwetunhu nzira (yakaoma zveupfumi mananara vari muzvikamu zvokutanga nhengo, vakabva pasi zvakawanda pachisara zvichiguma yakatarwa ukama yose ezvinhu kwakavakirwa aggregation nomunhu zvikamu).
3. nzira hwakajeka (kutarisana kumiririrwa ukama siyana zvoupfumi zviratidzi pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu guru hupfumi mamiriro ezvinhu).
4. The nzira munzanga tsika (neurongwa hwakashandiswa zvoupfumi mananara vari kudzidza nokungwarira pakutanga, uye zvino vakagamuchira mukufamba yokudzidza ichi akasimbisa yesayenzi substantiation kana akaramba mumagariro tsika).
5. Method Induction uye yaanobhadhara (achichinja kubva Kutsaura zvachose nembambo, ndiEzekieri).

upfumi ongororo

Zviri hurongwa vanochengeta nzira, nzira uye nzira dziri kushandiswa kuitira kuti vawane upfumi mhedziso vane maererano kune imwe isangano.

Economic pachisara - hurongwa unyanzvi muzvinhu zvinotevera:

1. Analysis zvoupfumi mananara uye pezvakaitwa vavo causal ukama kune mumwe, izvo vanotungamirirwa zveupfumi zvinhu kuzviitira uye mitemo chinangwa.
2. Scientific substantiation bhizimisi zvirongwa.
3. Kuziva zvakanaka uye kunaka zvinhu, uyewo quantitative nokuyerwa yezviito zvavo.
4. Kuziviswa zvoupfumi dzinokura kuona ukuru asiri purazi reserves.
5. Kuitwa zvakakodzera uye zvakakwana utariri zvisarudzo.

The kuongorora kunosanganisira zvoupfumi mananara dzinokosha: kusimbisa ukama, uye pakudyidzana kunoita interdependencies uye zvikonzero.

Urovha sezvo muenzaniso upfumi mananara

Her chikonzero chikuru - nokuchinja kudiwa panyaya bhizimisi vari dzichichinja pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu kukosha vaunganidza guru kubasa.

Urovha - zvoupfumi chakajairika mukati pamusika siyana mabasa chokuita kugadzirwa, izvo zvinoonekwa pakuti zvemari kushingaira vakawanda haana basa uye akatsiga mari nokuda kwezvikonzero kudarika kutonga kwake.

Zvikonzero vaiona zvoupfumi chaiyo

Vanogona Classified kwakavakirwa nemaonero kwedzidziso zvoupfumi dzakasiyana:

• Malthusianism (chikonzero chikuru kwemabasa - the nekumwisa population);
• muzvigadzirwa dzidziso (chero hwokugadzira utsanzi "achisunda" vashandi kubva kugadzira muitiro);
• Keynesianism (kushaya uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. (inoshanda) hama zvinoda zvinhu uye kugadzirwa zvinhu);
• monetarism (maererano mumiririri wake, Friedrich Hayek, mhaka ichi zvoupfumi chakajairika anoita kutsauka pane zvakaoma uye zvakanyatsoenzana mutengo wavo mudanga chechetere uye mamiriro pamisika kurongeka, zvichiguma chidzoke ane mari rusina placement dzevanhu zvinhu, izvo zvinozoita inoenda ezvinhu kusaenzana mune kudiwa nerubatsiro basa);
• Marxist pfungwa ( "hama yemuraudzo", mhaka izvo zvinozoita kuti kukwira guta makemikari sezvamunoita panguva kuchengetwa kwayo, maererano nako (bedzi mukati capitalist production) pane hama kuderera kwokudiwa basa).

In ose pamusoro dzidziso Chokwadi, zvakanaka akacherekedza causation akadai ezvoupfumi mananara sezvo urovha. Aunganidze pamwe navo, unogona kuwana zvakakwana munhu kudenga nepanyika tsanangudzo chinangwa zvikonzero zvayo inotungamirwa: kushaya uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. kudiwa zvose zvinhu uye zvinokonzera okuwana pasi mamiriro kuwedzera makemikari Zvinoumba guru.

Property somunhu zvoupfumi chaiyo

Pakutanga, akaita sezvakanga ukama pakati rwevanhu vane maererano kuti kushandiswa pakunamata uye pfuma yose, uyewo zvinhu zvakasikwa ravo kana senzira kare isingachinji voruzhinji nemafungiro.

Property sezvazvakaita ukama zvoupfumi rinowanika munguva paumbwe munzanga yevanhu.

On nedanho monopolization chepfuma, saka kutaura, kuchengeta marudzi ose zveupfumi uye vasiri kwoupfumi tichigombedzerwa kushanda. Saka, chimiro rekare kurimwa kwave hwakazara mamwe-zvemari kumanikidza, kutsigirwa kodzero muranda varidzi, Asia - muridzi rworudyi panyika, pasi feudalism - muridzi zvose pamunhu uye pasi.

The zvoupfumi tichigombedzerwa kuti basa riri vamutye kubva pfuma zvakananga pamusoro mamiriro okuwana kana kubva vaiva guru.

Ichi chinoshamisa zvoupfumi - ndiyo paumbwe kunzwisisa chaizvo uye Multi-dimensional zvakakwana. Kare, zvinozivikanwa kuti pfuma ine mhando mbiri: zvavo uye voga. musiyano yavo hunhu, nezvimiro uye nzira Attribution, pamwero socialization. Pakati pavo pane nani kunzwisisa kudyidzana.

Chekutanga, vane zvinokosha pakutanga zvakajairika, uye vari kazhinji ukama sechikamu chinokosha musiyano (musiyano pakati pavo hazvigoni kukurisa chokwadi). Maererano neizvi chaiyo inogona kuchinjwa kuva nevakawanda, uye vakutarisire. Chechipiri, vaiona zvoupfumi chakajairika, kuratidza yakadzama pezvakaitwa zvoupfumi zvinoumba upenyu kwenzanga hazvigoni kuchinjwa,.

A kusiyana inokosha siyana uridzi

Private pfuma rakakamurwa marudzi anotevera:

• kuroora (munhu);
• vagari (divisible uye indivisible);
• uchitikurudzira;
• achaendeswa kukura kwakaita sangano kana mamiriro, kana transnational nevhu rakawandisa.

Zviri nevakariri pfuma inobva kukura munharaunda yayo mamiriro. Zvinogona kuva zvose panguva mhuri rwakazara (mhuri), uye pachiyero munharaunda kana kushamwaridzana, kana mamiriro kana nzanga (vanhu).

Economic zvinokonzerwa, mienzaniso zviri kare (urovha uye pfuma) vakapiwa, zviri kungogara. Izvi zvinogona zvinosanganisira mitengo, deflation, zvoupfumi kukura, kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose, zvose zviitwa, uye zvichingodaro. N. The kwoupfumi mananara haushandi Somuenzaniso, imwe nzira dzakadai sarudzo. Chero Chiitiko chaiko kana namakemikari kana muitiro (chando utsotso, kwemvura, electrolysis, etc.) Ko zvoupfumi.

In dzezvoupfumi, pane zviitiko zveupfumi dziri kuonekwa nyore, yomuka pamberi mumwe uye kuumba hwaro pamusoro kwaita zvakawanda zvakaoma. muenzaniso kwakadaro kunogona kushumira Exchange kwenhumbi.

Central Economics nzira

Kwavari ndiko zvinoedza upfumi mananara - tsananguro dzavo mutauro formalized vachishandisa kwemasvomhu algorithms uye zvakafanana vatambi kuziva dzichipfekeka ukama pakati mananara aya kana pezvakaitwa. Izvi achipfeka ane idealization ari chinhu.

Feature - the kwokunyepedzera chidzidzo yavaive yakadaro chinhu somunhu chinhu chakakwana haapo chokwadi, asi anoshanda mujinga kuvakwa dzidziso. In muitiro rokuvaka zvinhu zvakadaro mutsvakurudzi nyore zvikuru chokwadi, iye nemaune abstracted yavo kuri ehupfumi kana chaizvoizvo anomupa dzavo rakapotsa zvinhu. Izvi zvinobvumira iwe kunyatsoona vakaongorora kukurukurirana uye adziise kunyanya kwemasvomhu mativi.

Maererano ano nzira, kana zvakakodzera kutsanangura Chiitiko, ipapo kuvakwa muenzaniso kwemasvomhu uchiratidza zvayo zvinokosha zvinhu. Izvi zvinoteverwa mapepa vari zvichishandurwa sezvo kururamiswa nokuda vaichengeta zvinhu, kana sezvo mashoko regai nezvinotaurwa hupfumi mamiriro ezvinhu.

The rakatevera Danho - kuunganidzwa kwemari empirical mashoko kunovhenekwa dzairamba pamusoro muenzaniso. Subject kugamuchira zvinotevera kusanganiswa kuedza zvinogamuchirika migumisiro muenzaniso yakadaro inogona vaifungidzira kuti yokungotaura zvabuda vakagamuchira empirical rutsigiro.

Zvaisakwanisa kuitwa nzira

It runoratidzwa yokuti runotikurudzira muenzaniso akarongeka ari nepokuongorora panogumira kunzwisisa. Chaizvoizvo, zvinoita anobvuta uye rinotsanangura chete chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha. The kuomesa kunotungamirira matambudziko hunobatsira chikumbiro vakagamuchira kufarirwa kwemasvomhu nemunhu.

Chimwe chinetso chinokosha ndechokuti vose zvekungofungira akaisa mberi mune masvomhu, pasina chaakasiya zvinogona kuongororwa nenzira yakarongwa nenzira. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti tinogona kuvaka zvose asingabatsiri uye basa, kana kunyange nhema womuenzaniso.

Kwemasvomhu Mafungiro - zviri Analytical mafungiro. It dissects Chiitiko munzvimbo yayo chinoumba mitezo, izvo zvinogona kuguma kukwana pachinhu kutaura chokwadi, tichinyanyotarisa maererano yokushamwaridzana mananara. The inonzi yakarongwa masvomhu kuvhiringidza okuti zviri chaizvo zvoupfumi ukama muvanhu.

upfumi munyika muna 2015

Maererano mutevedzeri sachigaro Central Bank Ksenii Yudaevoy, nhasi munyika yedu mamiriro ezvemari akaoma: yepamusoro mitengo (kuitika mufananidzo - 8.9%) achava wokutanga kota kwegore rino (anogona kusvika 10%), apo zvichatora pachinhu zvigadzirwa chikafu ukoshi kunyange yakakwirira (anenge 12%). Maererano naye, pasinei nokuti kwakaderera ari Ruble pamusoro US Dollar yakanga vangasvika 40%, uye euro - 20-30%, kuti mitengo mwero uye kugamuchira noenderana tsika kwakaita nhasi pane chinja iri kudiwa kuti kupinza zvigadzirwa nezvezvipfuwo, iyo anowedzera mutengo iri nomumugwagwa kwaitora nguva zvikuru.

Chisarudzo weOPEC pamwe maererano kuti richengetedzwe quotas kuti oiri vari chaizvoizvo vakasundira Central Bank kuti funga Muchiitiko itsva umo upfumi munyika vave mune ramangwana (mu zvakaitika svikiro-rokuti rutapudzo mari mafuta kuti kukosha $ 60 chete dhiramu). Maererano zvose zvakafanana K Yudaeva mune izvi kuchaita kukwira kugadzirisa Russian upfumi, pamwe chete imupota kuzvitsinhanisa uye diversification.

Daria Zhelannova (Deputy Director of Department "Alpari" Analytical) Uyewo anotenda kuti inonyanya kukosha mitengo uye chinokosha kwakaderera ari Ruble chichachengetwa kurutivi kuguma chando 2015. Iye anopa zano kwete mutoro pachavo pamwe zvikwereti uye kwete kutenga kanenge mumwe mwedzi mitanhatu currency. D. Zhelannova zvinoratidza kuti zvakanakisisa vangomirira kunze nguva.

Saka, pakupedzisira zvakakodzera kuyeuchidza kuti zvoupfumi mananara (mienzaniso :. Urovha, pfuma, uori, mitengo, etc.) vanotungamirirwa vakawanda dzakananga kukonzera upfumi nemunhu. Panyaya yemari urongwa, ipapo ichi zvinoreva chero muitiro inokanganisa kurimwa, Exchange uye kudyiwa zvinhu.

Zvinokosha kuyeuka kuti sarudzo nzira zveupfumi mananara haushandi, uyewo chero kwemakemikari maitiro kana chaiko muitiro.