The mapurani of Parthenon muAtene

At pamusoro ari Acropolis veAteni shongwe matongo, izvo kare vaiva temberi mukukudza mwarikadzi Athena yechihedheni, uye muKristu - mukukudza Mhandara Yakakomborerwa, uye pakupedzisira chechi muMuslim. Vachaziva mumwe aitarire, kunyange avo vasina uyo kumbobvira kuna Greece, saka kudzokororwa mapikicha avo. Zvazvinosarira imwe temberi yakakurumbira munyika. Name - the Parthenon.

nheyo yetemberi kana kuvaka

VaGiriki vekare vaiziva sei kuti vanoonga. Aidzivirira guta mwarikadzi Athena Parthenos , vakasarudza kuvaka temberi, kuonga rubatsiro kwake kuzorwa nevaPersia ari Marathon.

Nokuti pakurigadzira wamasarudza manyawi uye dzakavakirirwa chikamu yokumusoro guta - the Acropolis, uye muna 488 BC, akaita yakatarwa bogmærke. The mapurani of Parthenon akasarudza nzvimbo iyi haisi tsaona. Chokutanga, pakanga temberi kwokutanga yakavakwa kuremekedza vanamwari vechihedheni siyana.

Kukura aimbova machechi akanga diki uye aisafanira kuwedzera nzvimbo pamusoro pechikomo pakuvaka kwavo. Zvisinei, muchiitiko ichi, icho aitarisira kumutsa chinhu guru, uye kuti chinangwa ichi zvakanga zvakakodzera kuvaka zasi ari kuramba uinacho rusvingo , uye wouisa chawo reraimu kutigumbura, simudza kumucheto kuvakwa 7 mamita.

Basa mberi kwemakore masere, uye akavaka kechipiri Drum mbiru, kana guta yakakundwa nevaPezhiya. zvibereko makore masere basa vakarasika nomoto, uye kuvakwa haana unovandudzwa kwemakore anopfuura 30.

Kuvaka chechi itsva

Basa mberi 447 BC. The simba paAtene ipapo ndekwaMwari Pericles, mutongi vanozvikudza uye chinzvimbo. Construction retembere chikamu urongwa nemimba naye somugumisiro iyo Atene aifanira kutungamirira, zvose muchiuto munda, uye mune zvoupfumi uye tsika. Implementation kuronga kuti pave nechokwadi chokuti pakazotanga guta hwakatamisirwa chefuma Delian Maritime Union, iyo akwanise agadzirise zvinetso zvemari chokuita kuvakwa. Asi matambudziko vaitova.

History akachengetedza mashoko anonakidza. Pericles dzinounzwa kubva rechiuto bhajeti kuti tiite mabasa matarenda esirivha 450. About kukura uwandu anogona kutongwa kubva chokwadi kuti kuvakwa kurwa chikepe kunodyira tarenda rimwe mumakore iwayo. Somugumisiro, mari kuti kuvakwa kwetemberi akafanana kuti mutengo rakasikwa chihombe wengarava rengarava zvinosanganisira ngarava 450. Kana kwakakura mari zvaizivikanwa vagari, vaipomerwa Pericles mu kwokunyanyisa. gavhuna ichi akavaudza kuti akanga akagadzirira mari kwakakonzerwa pachake nhoroondo, asi muchiitiko chino, kwakachengetwa kodzero dzose zvinhu zvezvivako kuti kuchengeta zita rake. Vanhu vasingadi kusiya kubwinya mutongi uye akabvuma mari chirongwa kubva papfuma guta.

Ndiani akavaka Parthenon?

mubvunzo uyu unomuka, zvichida, wose kutanga anoona vaAtene mapurani rounyanzvi. Namarudzi zvisikwa ndohwaJehovha hunoshamisa mapurani mazita vaburukira kwatiri - uye Iktinos Kallikratia. Maererano nemamwe mabhuku, uyewo Karpion pamwe vabatsiri vakatora chikamu pabasa. The akakurumbira muvezi Phidias akatarisira zvinonyatsorehwa mberi basa, asi zvaainyanya basa raiva kusika sculptural kushongedzwa mutembere, inova chinangwa chinzvimbo chaizvo kwayo kukuru. Saka, kutaura pamusoro uyo akavaka Parthenon, haafaniri inotaura chinhu mapurani asi boka rose co-vanyori.

Anoshandura mufananidzo temberi

Zvairatidzika kufanana Parthenon zvayo yepakutanga chimiro, zviri ikozvino zvakaoma kutaura chokwadi chakakwana. Chokwadi ndechokuti kwoupenyu hwake refu, iye akaramba achinja rwayo. More muna 2nd remakore BC mutemberi paiva moto simba, pashure waida basa zvikuru kudzorerwa. It vakatambura runako rwayo uye anorwara kuda vatongi. Somuenzaniso, muna 298 BC, aitonga panguva madhaka, akaburuka munhau sezvo isingadzorwi mudzvinyiriri akarayira kuti kusada chivezwa Athens zvishongo zvegoridhe.

Musiki Parthenon tembere yakavakwa kukudzwa yechihedheni mwarikadzi. Asi munhoroondo Greece, imwe nguva iyo anonzi ari Byzantine, uye mugumo aizofanira kuti mutemberi 426 AD vechihedheni ikava chechi yechiKristu. Pakutanga, zvakanga vagadzwe rokukudza St. Sophia. The mapurani of Parthenon haina kuitirwa Chokwadi, kuti vana vake zvinofanira embody ose okunze kuri mumashoko mavakirwo machechi echiKristu, asi zvakaitika kuti nzira.

Rokuvakazve temberi echiKristu seakafuridzirwa

Maererano netsika yakasimbiswa kare, pamukova temberi vechihedheni yaiva kumabvazuva. The mapurani of Parthenon muAtene, afunge chivako, akatora kufungawo zvinodiwa. Asi maererano canons ose mapurani pasuo vechiKristu nguva dzose kuita kurutivi rwamavirazuva, uye nearitari anoiswa kumabvazuva. Zviri murayiro. In nedanho kugadzirisa kereke maererano nezvinodiwa zvitsva nzvimbo yaimbova pamukova atari apse yakavakwa sezvo pamukova, ukuwo, vakatamira rwamavirazuva. Uyezve, wakaitwa uye zvimwe zvachinja marongerwo meimba. In rwezasi - yokumadokero chikamu chechi bhero shongwe rakadzikwa. Pokupedza vavakezve waiva 662, akazvitsaurira mutemberi rukudzo Mhandara Yakakomborerwa Mary. Anenge masere emakore pasi namaberere aro vachipisira minyengetero dzechiKristu, apo muna 1460 muguta haana akabatwa Turkish mauto.

kuparadzwa kwetemberi

Pamwe yose nyika ruzivo dzakaoma uye temberi Parthenon. Greece yakanga pasi basa uye Christian neKijuni yakashandurwa kuva chechi muMuslim. Pashure pemakore 27 Uto Venetian vaitungamirirwa F. Morosini akaedza kurwisa Athens. Defense, vokuTurkey vakashandisa Parthenon somunhu magazini upfu. Izvi nengozi zvokuvaka. Marasha paro asunungurwa kubva Venetian kanoni, anoputsa padenga, akaita pakuputika zvinotyisa. Somugumisiro rakabhuroka yose nechepakati chikamu chivakwa. Repairs pashure izvi zvaitika. Kuti zvinhu zvitowedzera kuipa, vanhu veko vakanga vakatsaurwa zvimedu machena iyo Vakapisa madota.

Temberi yokupedzisira akatambura kukuvadzwa pakutanga pamusoro XIX remakore. Mumiriri British kune hweOttoman kwemba akatambira mvumo kuti aina akachengetedzwa zvivezwa mairi. Kubvira ipapo pamusoro gumi makore pakusika echiGiriki vavezi vemabwe vekare akabva paAtene, kuti vave chikamu kwemasimba pakati mamiziyamu kupfuura munyika.

Kudzoreredzwa muvharanda yetemberi

Muna 1928 basa rakatanga, chinangwa wakange amire panzvimbo imwe zvidhinha vawa uye mbiru pamusoro Parthenon. Nokuti basa akasika yesayenzi komiti, yaisanganisira nyanzvi kubva kunyika dzakasiyana. kushandira-pamwe kwavo rwakatora makore maviri. Zvakaguma akanga zvishoma ichadzorerwa kuchamhembe muvharanda muchimiro sezvo akasikirwa nokuda akitekiti Parthenon.

Sei sechigaro temberi kare? It rakavakwa maererano canons temberi dzenhoroondo vechiGiriki - a rectangle wakakomberedzwa pembiru. Pasinei ayo massiveness, akatarira kwezvokufuka Vongai yakaoma kunzwisisa hurongwa hwake. Temberi akashongedzwa zvivezwa guru Phidias, uye pakati vakamira trinadtsatimetrovaya chivezwa mwarikadzi Athena, yakashongedzwa nendarama uye dzenzou.

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti murongedzeri wakavaka Parthenon Chivako ichi Nyanzvi pakati zvivako Doric manyorerwo. Kana mutongi vomuAtene Pericles kugombedzera vagari recalcitrant kuti mhararano nokuda kuvakwa temberi, akaprofita kuti aizova kuzvikudza vaGiriki, uye vazhinji, emakore. Rakaratidza kuti yakakodzera.