The nzira abstraction nesayenzi. The nzira abstraction nesayenzi pane upfumi

Economy anoonekwa kuva mumwe sayenzi mukuru. Kunyange chinyakare murume akagarwa kunzwisisa inokosha panyaya iyi: vane mumwe kunzwisisa zvinodiwa kurima, pamusoro zvichiitika ukama pakati nhengo dzose munharaunda iri nedanho kugadzirwa nokuparadzirwa nefuma uye kupanana chigadzirwa yapihwa. Zvisinei, maonero aya rega kupinda yakazvimirira munda zivo.

History of Economic dzidziso

Chiitiko pfungwa zveupfumi Paaiita pre-maindasitiri (okurima) nguva evanhu kukura uye Anofukidza mararamiro ekare akadai hweRoma, Greece, etc ... (IV zviuru BC -... V muna AD ...). Akanga kunyatsotevera zvakanyatsobatana munhambo ichi chitendero dzematongerwe uye maonero enyika uye zviri pamutemo.

Gwaro nzira mafungiro upfumi vave vakaratidza zvikurukuru kushanda matambudziko, uyewo zviine musoro sangano zvemabhizimisi uye basa, utungamiriri uye basa nokuda pfuma. zvinyorwa izvi vaiva: pamutemo Codes, muMagwaro Old uye New Testament, makondirakiti siyana, magariro uye dzouzivi akadhindwa evanhu.

Humwe shanduka hupfumi akanaka yakati yapera Ages nguva: .. Western Europe - V-XVIII emakore, kusanganisira Bourgeois chimurenga, Russia - IX-XIX emakore, vakawanda chaizvo, kuti kuchinja zvinhu 1861. yaitonga iri chokuita zvichiitika maonero nezvematambudziko, dzinza, kuparadzirwa mari, nyika varidzi, ari yemakambani mhando linkages (madhorobha Tauriranai, mushambadzi chikwata pedyo nzanga, raanoziva zvitoro, uye Knights uye chechechi zvirevo m. p.). simba Political vaiva zvenyika uye Ecclesiastical feudal madzishe (nyika varidzi), zvinokosha nzvimbo vanotsaura tsika, uyezve, vakakunda chitendero maonero.

Nepo kutanga kuratidza kufarira, zvainanga noukama chinokosha-mari. Huru theorists vaiva nyanzvi, uye advantageously hupfumi yaainge pfungwa dzakatsauka dzinoparadza, somuenzaniso kuenzanirana kupomerwa pakutengeswa zvakavanakira, riri basa basa uye t. D.

Munguva yacho kwaita capitalist ukama uye disintegration zviri feudalism kuchimuka wokutanga chikoro zvoupfumi etiology - (. XV-XVIII emakore) mercantilism. Saka, zviri ichi nguva kunoratidzwa omumwe zvoupfumi sezvo vakazvimirira nesayenzi nokuda chidzoke wegadziriro zvoupfumi maonero, musimboti rinova dambudziko upfumi rokutanga.

Economic pfungwa: tsanangudzo, chikuru mirayiridzo uye zvikamu

It Vatsigiri kuranga dzezvoupfumi, uye chinhu kwouzivi uye yokungotaura chawo, zvinosanganisira dzakasiyana-siyana dzinokura zvikoro. Economic pfungwa, tsanangudzo iro rave kukurukurwa pamusoro, zvinogona vaisanganisa ndechokuti ndiko kunonyanya kudzidza nedanho unyatsosarudza vanhu uye nzanga nzira yokushandisa shoma zviwanikwa zviri multi-chinangwa.

Economic pfungwa kunosanganisira dzinoverengeka muzvikamu:

• maitiro dzezvoupfumi;
• microeconomics;
• macroeconomics;
• yemarudzi upfumi;
• econometrics;
• mutambo dzidziso.

Zviri ikozvino zvinogoneka govera zvikoro yesayenzi anotevera uye mirayiridzo upfumi dzidziso:

• chiNazi Keynesianism;
• itsva zvoupfumi zvechechi;
• monetarism;
• neuroeconomics;
• itsva political upfumi;
• YeAustria School;
• dzezvoupfumi uye mutemo.

Hunomirira nyaya nesayenzi pane mubvunzo?

Mhinduro yomubvunzo uyu ndiyo tsanangudzo akawanda. Saka, upfumi dzidziso zvidzidzo:

1. Zvinhu chokuita metabolic pezvakaitwa uye zvinosanganisira kutengeswa kwema kuti atore nzvimbo pakati vanhu.

2. hwezuva nezuva basa mubhizimisi upenyu vanhu uyewo kubereka nokuparadzirwa mari inodiwa kuti subsistence.

3. maitiro munhu uye mapoka evanhu mugadziriro iri kugadzirwa, nokuparadzirwa, chinjanai uye kudyiwa zvinhu.

4. Kukwanisa kwevanhu kutsungirira zvichiitika nematambudziko mumunda kugadzirwa uye kudya.

5. hunova somugumisiro ukama hwevanhu.

6. Mitemo dare kugadzirwa, kupanana zvinhu panguva yakakodzera nzendo shanduka kwenzanga (Shona).

7. Upfumi incentives kuti nyasha nomunhu nemabasa evanhu, uyewo vavariro kushora kwavo (A. Marshall) uye dzimwe mhirikiro chii zvoupfumi dzidziso zvidzidzo.

Keynesian Dzidziso zvoupfumi kukura

Kudzidzisa aripo inobatana post-hondo kumwedzi. Chinangwa chinodiwa kuti parinowanika vari pezvakaitwa kuti kuitika munyika upfumi munyika pakupera ari XX remakore. Idzi dzinosanganisira:

1. The nekutumirwa kwemauto pamusoro NTR.
2. A kuwedzera mwero zvoupfumi kukura mune mugovanisi munyika.
3. Unevenness iri kukura capitalist kunyika, uye zvichingodaro. D.

By chambotaurwa nezvacho pezvakaitwa kunge akasimbisa dambudziko kuwedzera kukura uye kwakaita kuti zvakawanda dzidziso kukura, umo vanyori pfungwa yokuwana inowanzobvunzwa zvikonzero acho.

It akasarudzwa dzidziso Harrod (England) uye E. Domar (USA), iyo yakavakirwa kwemamiriro admissibility pamusoro inogona kuenderera mwero zvoupfumi kukura sechinhu chinodiwa kuti simba zvakanyatsoenzana mamiriro hwenyika, vachibvumira kuti vabudirire kudya kwakakwana zvose kugadzirwa kugona manpower.

Mumwe Urongwa Harrod-Domar womuenzaniso anoita kuziva parameters nguva dzose zvekungofungira: avhareji guta kunyatsoshanda uye mugove nemari iri zvachose zveminda.

Wechitatu kunopindirana nzvimbo yaiva mashoko kuzadzisa inogona kuenderera kukura uye simba zvakanyatsoenzana zvinogoneka kunokwana basa nehurumende kupindira mune upfumi.

The Vanyori vakagumisa: inopiwa yakatsiga guta negoho uye mwero kuwanda akatsiga uye mwero kukura rudzi mari ( "inosimbiswa kukura mwero"). Zvaiva pachena kuti kunzwisisa kuunza zvakanakanaka yechinangwa musika nemauto, kureva kushaikwa otomatiki zvinoita kuti aizobatsirawo mangwanani kuzoita yakapfuura vasingadzoreki nomwero.

A chinokosha drawback pamusoro Keynesian womuenzaniso ndechokuti seasinganzwi Harrod Domar uye socio-upfumi maumbirwo aripo capitalist muvanhu, ane zvakananga kukanganisa simba rinomutsa vana macroeconomic zviratidzo.

New zvechechi Economics

Iye anga kudzidza maitiro zvoupfumi masangano. Ichi chimwe mirayiridzo itsva, chikamu chikuru zvoupfumi dzidziso. Yomuka mubereko zvechechi muenzaniso wakabatana mukuedza zvainanga tikunde anoverengeka preconditions kuti vari runozivisa neoclassicism (hwakakwana mumujaho axiom pamusoro rationality zvizere, zvakanyatsoenzana mamiriro uchishandisa mutengo mashandiro), iri kuongorora zvoupfumi pezvakaitwa vari kunzwisisa, pamwe yomuka kudiwa zvidzidzo itsva mananara, chokuita p.

The zvokudya muenzaniso

Chokutanga, masangano akapa maitiro zvoupfumi nevamiririri.

Chechipiri, vanoonekwa nemaonero rakasimbisa simba ravo pamusoro zvisarudzo zvakatorwa zveupfumi nevamiririri.

Chechitatu, vakawanda zvinhu zvisina chokuita "mabhokisi dema", kureva sangano (hurumende, nemhuri, yemakambani) kunonzwisiswa sezvo hurongwa pamwe womukati maumbirwo mubereko.

Chechina, achienzanisa zvechechi zvinotsiva nomumwe, kwete chete ane akakwana shanduro zvinhu.

Chechishanu, kupfuura yose kusvika hwekutsanangura kuitika maererano nesananguro mukati zvechechi wokuenzanisira anobvumira kuzorora rairambidzwa nzira okufananidza statics.

Wechitanhatu, mirayiridzo iyi nechinangwa kuunza zvakafanana kuti upfumi kusvika.

Nzira inokosha zivo yesayenzi

Ivo nyasha nzira abstraction nesayenzi. In dzezvoupfumi, izvozvo chinomirirwa kucheneswa pakutsvakurudza chinhu kubva pfupi uye anongoitika zvinhu, uyewo tsanangudzo randinenge, zvikuru nomumwe uye ake DZINOGARA DZICHIBUDA.

Economic mananara regai vanokweretesa pachavo kuti kufundwa kubudikidza zviridzwa, saka sezvo huru nzira yokudzidza akashandisa abstraction, kana kutoti Kudzivisa zvose zvinhu regai dzinoenderana yezvakaita chinhu kuongororwa.

Zvingaita kuti munhu abstraction nesayenzi kunotungamirira kure chaiye kukosha chinhu upfumi huri vakaongorora. Zvisinei, hazvina mhedziso chinhu chakaipa. Iye, Ukuwo, pedyo ayo kuratidzwa chokwadi, akavanda seri murwi vakawanda rechitatu-party zviitiko uye zvakavapo.

Basa nzira iyi zvoupfumi ongororo

Zviri nyore chirongwa kuferefeta zvoupfumi mananara. nesayenzi abstraction nzira yokuti zvimwe zviitiko zvose kunze vaya vakadzidza Panguva iyi, vanoramba kuchinja.

Zvavo, chokwadi, abstraction uchiziva anoitwa. Saka abstraction masayendisiti ari sokureva kusarudzwa rinonyatsooneka divi Migumisiro bvunzo uye kupukunyuka zvinhu netsaona uye yechipiri.

The inokosha nenyanzvi nzira iyi

In zvoupfumi pfungwa, vatsvakurudzi anoshandiswa nevakawanda, sezvo yave ambotaurwa, iyo nzira abstraction, ine huru mbiri nezvenzira iyo iri rakatangwa - yaanobhadhara uye induction.

Vanoshumira nopindirana kwete kushora nzira pakutsvakurudza. Akagadzira kwakavakirwa hypotheses aya nokuti Economist imwe mhando chiero mubishi wokuunganidza empirical mashoko. A siyana mharidzo chete maererano kune zvimwe zvinhu uye nyika takawanda ndiwo chinodiwa kuti mamwe zvinovaka kutonga.

Pfupiso mutambo date

Sezvambotaurwa, nzira musayenzi abstraction hwenyika chinomiririrwa nzira mbiri. Saka, induction (pfungwa) - nzira pfungwa, izvo chakavakirwa kwetunhu zvimwe zvinhu. By chidobi ichi inopa Yaunoti achichinja kubva private tsvakurudzo (chikwata) mananara kuti vakawanda mhedziso uye nemirayiro.

Uyewo, nzira esayenzi abstraction kunosanganisira nzira kuti kudzidza chinhu sechinhu yaanobhadhara (zvisingakuvadzi) - kufunga nayo pfungwa kunoedzwa chero chaiyo chokwadi. Nzira iyi inoita kuwanikwa kuchinja kubva dzakavanzika kuti rwevanhu mhedziso.

The nzira abstraction yesayenzi, akaratidza pfungwa, Kunoitawo zvishoma nezvishoma musimboti zvoupfumi mananara. Izvi zvinoda vamwe chimiro musoro pfungwa, achirangarira zvakakwana wechokwadi zvoupfumi chokwadi.