Lerner Index. Zvinokonzera uye migumisiro monopolization mumusika

Pasinei zvoupfumi uye zvemitemo nezviyero akaendeswa nezviremera kunyika dzakasiyana kubata chindingindingi, chiitiko ichi iwayo akakurumbira. The chindingindingi simba nomumwe makambani zvinokonzera chikuru pangozi zvoupfumi.

Chindingindingi aro zvinyorwa

Under chindingindingi kunzwisisa musika kutonga mumwe mugadziri (implementer), kana kuti boka zvidzidzo (cartels) vasanganiswa.

Vanonyanya kupa chindingindingi:

1. Kwakavharwa nenyama kudiwa. chinhu ichi, uyewo, akatsunga nokuvapo pamusoro pamusika yakafanana zvigadzirwa, kumhanya mutengi apindure mutengo shanduko, zvinorehwa nhumbi vatengi, musika saturation, akasiyana-siyana yaishandiswa nezvaanogona vezvinhu uye zvakakodzera kwevari mari vatengi.
2. musika wevasungwa. Apo 2-3 makambani akafukidza 80-90% yevatengi, chindingindingi rinowanika nokukurumidza kupfuura zvemakwikwi mumisika.
3. Mushandirapamwe pakati makambani maviri. Vachiita cohesively, vanowatengesa kana vaburitsi vane simba.

Zvakaipira chindingindingi

Company pamwe chindingindingi simba, nemaune ichikutadzisa uwandu goho kwenhumbi uye hunoda mitengo. Haana kuda tikarega kugadzirwa mari. Mukuwedzera, kambani chinoparira mamwe mari kuti varambe uye kusimbisa nzvimbo yaro.

Chindingindingi pamisika kunotungamirira zvakadaro zvinokonzerwa:

• zvinhu anoshandiswa inefficiently;
• Society asingagamuchiri zvakafanira dzowokwake;
• Hapana incentives nokuda kukura uye okusuma michina mitsva;
• achifumira kugadzirwa mari.

Somugumisiro pagadzirwe asingadi kusvika kunonyanyisa zvinogoneka kunyatsoshanda.

chindingindingi mutengo

Mumwe mugumisiro uri oga kuratidzwa chindingindingi mutemo chindingindingi Pricing.

Under chindingindingi kunzwisisa mutengo zviri yakashatiswa mumufambiro wavo wenguva sandara, izvo zvinogona kutora nzvimbo mune zvemakwikwi ezvinhu. Under kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu, mutengo achiumbwa somugumisiro imwe nhamba nevatengi kudiwa uye musika zvitengeswa. Under ezvinhu enyika chindingindingi mutengo iri rave nyaya pamwero kuti kuchaita vakamupomera zvakawandisa purofiti ndokufukidza zvakawandisa mari.

Chindingindingi mutengo anogona dzakanaka kana kurerutswa. Inflated mutengo ndiyo migumisiro kutonga hombe retailer. Zvisinei, kana, pamusika wacho hunodzorwa hombe mutengi pamwe vakawanda vanotengesa, zvichaita vanowanzotevedzera understate mutengo napo.

Lerner indekisi somunhu chokukomborerwa monopolization

Padanho chindingindingi simba uye musika wevasungwa kunoonekwa mutemo thumbs, indekisi uye indekisi pamusoro Lerner Garfindelya-Hirschman.

Lerner chikonzero akanga aronga muna 1934. Ndiyo imwe tanga nzira nokuda Pakusarudza padanho monopolization uye pakuverenga ari Nokurasikirwa chakakonzerwa namaneja ari Company nokuda chindingindingi. Kuva nyore uye nzwisisa, nhamba iyi zvakajeka unoratidza zvakaipira monopolization. Nhasi rinoshandiswa nezvoupfumi rose kuongorora zvakanaka munzanga.

Kana fuma anobudiswa uye kutengeswa pasi monopolization, mutengo wawo kucharamba kupfuura ari shoma mutengo. Lerner Index ndiye mugumisiro kugovera mutengo mambure shoma mutengo Pricing. The zvakawanda mutengo kwakasiyana mutengo, zvikuru kukosha indekisi anotora.

Kukarukureta uye kududzirwa Lerner indekisi

Lerner Index rinowanikwa sezvinotevera:

• _{I L = (P - MC)} / P = - 1 / E _d.

P - ndiye chindingindingi mutengo, uye MC - shoma mutengo.

makwikwi Perfect zvinoratidza kuti yakasimba haagoni itibatsire mutengo revarombo. Price iri chete chechetere sezvo shoma mari (P MS), ukuwo:

• P - MC = 0;
• _{I L = (P - MC)} / P = 0 / P = 0.

Chero mutengo inowedzera hama kuti shoma mari kunoratidza kuti kambani imwe simba. Kufadza zvichibvira kukosha indekisi iri 1, uye kunoratidza Mhedziso chindingindingi.

Lerner indekisi kungaratidzwa mune imwe nzira - nokushandisa coefficient pamusoro elasticity :

• (P - MC) / P = -1 / E D;
• I _L = -1 / E _d.

Index E _D inechirevo elasticity zviri kudiwa munyika nekambani zvigadzirwa tichitaura mitengo. Somuenzaniso, kana E = -5, ipapo ini _L = 0,2.

Yakakwirira pamwero monopolisation hapasi kureva kuti kambani anogamuchira purofiti. Iye anogona kupedza pamusoro kwerunyararo kutendeseka kwavo zvikuru mari kuti purofiti zvose chichiwanikwa somugumisiro mutengo inowedzera kuti inoputswa.

Kuratidza chindingindingi muRussia

Munguva kuchinja nguva, ari 90-ies. upfumi Russian kwave dzinoratidzwa mukuru wevasungwa iri mukugadzira zvekutepfenyura. The kumisika hunodzorwa masangano super-guru, pakusarudza basa vamwe yaiva duku kwazvo. Business kubudirira kuri zvakasimba hakunei simba rinopiwa. Performance zviratidzi makambani vakanga vachiwira kugadzirwa mavhoriyamu vakaburuka, muitiro uri ezvinhu kurega kunotanga.

Muna 1992, pashure pokunge mazvake huru vatambi pamisika yazova kwematunhu uye sectoral nevhu rakawandisa. Mibvunzo chokuita mari makuru yemakambani zvinoitwa chiduku naye, nokuti chii chakaitika panguva makro pamwero imbalances dambudziko.

Monopolists pasina panyaya vatengi inflated mitengo uye kugamuchira mamwe mari. Hurumende vasina zvakakwana levers simba pamusoro simba pamusoro mutengo chechetere. The mitemo yakanga kujeka uye hurumende nemasangano - simba. Kushandisa mamiriro acho ezvinhu, monopolists pamatavi siyana pachivande vakabatana cartels. Paiva cartels pakati vatengesi nevatengi, uyewo yakavhenganiswa.

With veMubatanidzwa remakore idzva, zvinhu zvakachinja zvishoma. Zvinenge zvose zviri chindingindingi yakaumbwa muna '90s, uchishanda. Pamutemo decentralization mune dzimwe maindasitiri yakaitwa, asi achimuka gasi mitengo uye magetsi kunoratidza kuti nevhu rakawandisa kuchakasimba. Disproportion, kunotangira simba pamasimba makuru vatambi pamisika, razova mumwe zvinokonzera mhirizhonga 2008-2009 gg.