The softest simbi munyika

Metals - pane zvakashandiswa nevanhu kubva kare mhando. Ichi boka zvinhu izhinji kwazvo, asi vose kugoverana maitiro zvakafanana chaiko vanonzi esimbi ehupfumi. The pokuoma kwavo - kazhinji, asi kwete zvaraireva. Vamwe vari chaizvo uye chine softest simbi. ehupfumi aya pakutsvaga peculiarities mamiriro avo pane samolecular chechetere.

ehupfumi chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi

Simbi alloys ayo (simbi, vakakanda simbi), mhangura, aruminiyamu, ... Uchishandisa zvinhu izvi akacherekedza jerks mberi kwesayenzi panguva dzakasiyana zvokukura kukura yebudiriro. Mumwe nemumwe simbi idzi ane unhu kuti ndizvipe akasiyana nemamwe inoshanda ukoshi. Common zviri kwavari yakakwirira chafariz uye magetsi conductivity, plasticity - kugona kuramba akaperera pamusoro deformation, esimbi kubwinya.

Dhamasiko chipande anocheka simbi zvombo, uye vakawanda nyoro simbi iri iyo pane kungoda kuchangotanga kwechirwere, vane dzakawanda zvivako zvakafanana. At chawo - crystalline yekamuri, umo nodes - maatomu zvakanaka kupomera uye kwazvakarerekera, pakati iyo "yemagetsi gasi" - inoramba vakasiya dzokunze anoshongwa kwemaatomu nokuda kwakaderera nokuda core. Special esimbi chisungo pakati zvakanaka ions riri sekristaro yekamuri, rinoitwa nemasimba regiravhiti, zvichiguma "Erekitironi gasi". Zvakaoma, arambe achirema, simbi utsotso tembiricha kunoenderana wevasungwa ari "gasi".

Nzira dzekuziva nadzo wayo

Mhinduro kumubvunzo wokuti chii nesimbi worudzii chaizvo nyoro, nguva dzose pachava musoro wenyaya, kana asina kubvumirana nzira dzekuziva kuongororwa uye kutsanangura pfungwa weunyoro pacharo. Feedback pamusoro characterization ichi emashoko zvichava zvakasiyana vanachiremba mumaindasitiri siyana. Metallurgist anogona kunzwisiswa somunhu softness mukuru ductility vanowanzotevedzera kunzwisisa deformation ari hasha zvinhu, uye zvichingodaro. D.

Nokuti zvinhu masayendisiti vanofanira kukwanisa chinangwa enzanisa hunhu Kwakashandiswa micheka. Softness anofanira kunge zvakafanana pakuongorora zvinodiwa. The softest simbi munyika vangadai vakaziva zviratidzo kuratidza "Chinyorwa" ake unongotaura. Kune nzira dzakawanda idzo chinangwa ndiko kuyera softness dzakasiyana zvinhu.

Nzira yakayerwa

Most vaipupurirwa pokuoma chipimo nzira dzinobva nokuyerwa pamwe zvakarurama Ezvemutauro kuonana kuchinja bvunzo acho kubva muviri yakasimba, akadana indenter. Zvichienderana mhando indenter uye pamusoro nzira yakayerwa ndivo nzira dzakawanda inokosha:

- Brinell nzira. Atsunga indentation dhayamita simbi bhora anosiya indentation kupinda pechiso bvunzo fuma.

- Rockwell. Akayera indentation kudzika nedhaimani pose bhora kana cone.

- Vickers. Kutsunga anodhinda nharaunda, kusiya nedhaimani mativi mana chepiramidhi.

- Shore pokuoma. Rine yayo yose kuti zvakaoma chaizvo uye chaizvo nyoro zvinhu - akayera kudzama kunyudzwa tsono chinokosha kana kureba rebound kubva panyika rinokosha Pin.

Mohs kwakaita pokuoma

Ichi chikero nokuti Pakusarudza hama neukukutu zvicherwa uye nesimbi yave wakatangwa pakutanga pamusoro XIX remakore German Fridrihom Moosom. Zvinonzi inobva nzira scratching kana mharidzo hwakasimba kunosiya chiratidzo pamusoro manyoro, uye zviri nyore chaizvo kuwana - chii simbi ndiyo softest. Pachinhu nezvezvinotaurwa 10 zvicherwa, iyo akanzi ane zvimiso mwero zvakaoma, Muedzo fuma akafunga pamusoro scale, uye kusanganiswa indekisi. Reference softest chicherwa - talc. It ane Mohs zvakaoma - 1, uye vazhinji zvakasimba, nedhaimani - 10.

Kunyatsoongorora pokuoma pamusoro Mohs pamwero kunoitika uri "manyoro -. Zvakaoma" Kuziva kuti nguva zhinji, semuenzaniso, aruminiyamu ane Mohs indekisi 2.75, manyoro tungsten (6.0) kuva chete nokuyerwa zvabuda yakavakirwa dzimwe nzira. Asi kuziva softest simbi iri periodic table petafura Zvaringana.

Most nyoro - alkali simbi

Kubva mineralogical Mohs pakafunuka zvinoratidza kuti softest ndiwo zvinhu zvevaPolish alkali simbi. Kunyange mekuri, zvaizivikanwa vakawanda mvura iri lämpömittari, ane hasha ukoshi 1.5. Manyoro akawanda zvinhu zvayo une zvakafanana physico-zvemakemikari uye zvemaziso zvivako: lithium (0,6 Mohs 'pamwero), yavaibvisa (0.5), potassium (0,4), rubidium (0.3). Most nyoro simbi - ndiko necesium, vane hasha pamusoro Mohs pamwero indekisi 0.2.

Mumuviri makemikari zvivako zviri alkali nesimbi anotsanangurwa avo Erekitironi configuration. Hazvina chete siyanei kubva chivako kuti inert magasi. Maerekitironi iri rokunze simba pamwero ane mufambo, iyo anosarudza yakakwirira makemikari basa. The softest nesimbi dzinoratidzwa Kunyanya volatility, ivo zvakaoma kugadzira kuramba kuchinja. Ivo dzinoratidzwa nechisimba namakemikari maitiro pamwe mhepo, mvura, okisijeni.

Eremendi 55 №

The zita "Cs" rinobva muchiLatin caesius - "denga-zvitema" iri chakarondedzera chaibwinya zvinopisa chaizvo fuma iri michini unoratidza mbiri rakajeka mitsetse mutema. In yayo yakaisvonaka chimiro chiri kuratidzwa yakanaka chiedza, sokupenya goridhe uye sirivha - tsvuku. Necesium - the nyoro simbi munyika, neukukutu Brinell indekisi - 0,15 MN / ^m2 (0,015 kgf / masendimita ^2). Utsotso pfungwa: + 28,5 ° C, saka pasi vanhuwo ezvinhu ari mukamuri tembiricha kuti necesium iri semiliquid mamiriro.

Kashoma, inodhura uye zvikuru reactive simbi. In zvemagetsi, zvemagetsi engineering kwemakemikari Mazinga necesium mukuru rwokugadzira uye ayo alloys vari kuwana kuwedzera kushandiswa uye kudiwa iri kuwedzera kwakaramba. It rinoda ayo namakemikari basa, kukwanisa aumbe remubatanidzwa pamwe chemhando conductivity. Necesium - chinokosha chezvinonhuwira pagadzirwe Manyiminya zviridzwa anokosha, vachidzipisa pamwe nemamwe zvivako uye zvimwe yepamusorosoro zvigadzirwa. Panyaya iyi, iyo softness - hazvina kupfuura kutsvaka-pashure unhu.