The zvinokonzera matambudziko pose vanhu

Yokurwisana vemauto, ezvematongerwo enyika uye zvoupfumi munyika dzakasiyana pasi nyika tichingotarisira kuitika. Mangoti kunouya takanga tisisanakidzwi kumadokero hemisphere, pane zvinokonzera matambudziko yose neimwe chikamu Earth. Nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu, nezvoupfumi, masayendisiti enyika uye vamiririri tsika uye vezvesayenzi siyana kupa tsananguro izvi mananara nemaonero pezvaakaratidzwa, asi kunzwisisa vanhu vane yemapuraneti scale, saka hazvibviri kuderedza zvose nezvinetso dziripo chero chete munzvimbo uye mumwe chete nguva.

Pfungwa chinetso chepasi pose

Apo nyika yakanga yakanyanya zvikuru vanhu, vachiri vasina gwanza. Ndizvo vagere panyika, kuti rugare coexistence ravaIndia avanhu kunyange muzvinhu huru havagoni nokusingaperi. Pane nguva dzose vaya kunyika muvakidzani uye zvakanaka regai kupa zororo. Translation shoko French pose Ruzha rwakaita "yezvisikwa", kureva, rinoshanda zvose. Asi matambudziko munyika akasimuka pamberi veMubatanidzwa kwete chete mutauro asiwo vachinyora zvavo.

Kana tikafunga nhoroondo rwevanhu, mumwe zvinokonzera matambudziko yose ndiyo noudyire mumwe nomumwe. It kuitira zvakaitika kuti munyika zvinhu munyika vanhu vose vanongozvifunga ivo voga. Izvi zvinoitika kunyange kana vanhu radeyut mufaro uye zvakanaka vana vavo uye vadiwa. Kazhinji kupona kwavo uye kuunganidza pfuma inobva kuparadzwa wokwake, uye kubviswa kubva upfumi.

Saka yakanga kubvira panguva Sumerian umambo uye Ijipiti yekare, ndiye wechokwadi nhasi. Munhoroondo yevanhu taigara hondo nokumukirana. Okupedzisira akauya kubva vavariro dzakanaka kutora zvakanaka pfuma mupfumi kupa varombo. Nemhaka nyota nderendarama, kundima itsva uye simba neimwe nhoroondo ichikosha zvakanzi yakawanikwa zvinangwa zvavo nezvinetso pose vanhu. Dzimwe nguva hunozoita kuti kwaita umambo hukuru (Roman, Persian, British nevamwe), akanga inoumbwa kukunda mamwe marudzi. Mune zvimwe zviitiko - raparadzwa kwenzanga yose, sezvo zvakaita vaInca uye Mayans.

Asi haana kudaro chakasimba zvinokonzera matambudziko yose ano regai kukanganisa nyika yose, sezvazvakaita nhasi. Izvi nokuda yakawiriranwa kusangana pakati upfumi kunyika dzakasiyana uye vairaramiswa mumwe.

The zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza ezvinhu munyika

Zvinokonzera pose zvinetso zvemhoteredzo pakutanga nhema kukura maindasitiri kugadzira, iro rakatanga chete 17-18 emakore. Vakatanga ipapa. Kana tikaenzanisa vanhu ukama zvakatipoteredza panguva dzakasiyana zvokukura ayo kukura, unogona kukamurwa kuva 3 nzendo:

• Kunamata Nature chacho masimba. The chinyakare-zvaiita uye kunyange muranda ezvinhu paiva ukama hwakasimba kwazvo pakati nyika uye murume. Vanhu vainamata hunhu, akamuisa zvipo, saka akanga tsitsi uye akapa dzakakwirira goho, sezvo vari zvakananga novimba kwayo "vachida".
• KuMiddle Ages, chitendero dzidziso kuti munhu anotadza uye kunyange chisikwa, asi achiri - korona yokusika, vanhu vanomutswa pamusoro yakapoteredza nyika. Nechekare iyi rinotanga zvishoma nezvishoma kuzviisa pasi kudzivirira zvakatikomberedza kubatsira vanhu.
• Kukura capitalist ukama kwakaita kuti chokwadi kuti yezvakaita simbi inoshandiswa webetsero zvinhu, ndiko kuti "kushanda" pavanhu. Wandisa kwemiti, matambudziko kusvibiswa dzedenga, nzizi uye nyanza, kuparadzwa mhuka - izvi zvose kwakatungamirira budiriro kwevanhu mukutanga remakore rechi20 kuti zviratidzo kunaka ezvinhu wokutanga.

Mumwe nhoroondo ichikosha okukura kwevanhu rakava Danho idzva kuparadza vakamukomba. Teverai zvinokonzera matambudziko yose zvezvakatipoteredza - ndiko kukura kwemakemikari, muchina-building, ndege uye chombo-kuvaka maindasitiri, hombe mugodhi uye magetsi.

Zvikuru Zvinosiririsa kuti ikoroji yepasi rakatanga muna 1990, apo mhepo akakandwa anopfuura mabhiriyoni 6 matani carbon dioxide inobvisa zvinoberekwa indasitiri zvose pamwe chete zvemari dzakabudirira. Kunyange pashure peizvi, vasayendisiti uye vanoona akaridza aramu, uye vakanga pakarepo akatorwa kubvisa migumisiro kuparadzwa ozone wokutanga zviyero, zvinokonzera matambudziko pose kwevanhu chete vakatanga zvechokwadi kubuda. Pakati pavo, mumwe mukuru ari kukura munyika dzakasiyana zvoupfumi.

zvinetso zvoupfumi

Sezvineiwo, nhoroondo kumhuka zvokuti paiva dzomunyika kuti yakatanga vanoiswa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzenyika. Kana danho chinyakare zvaiita hurongwa zvakawanda kana zvishoma akafanana yakaunganidzwa, kuvhima, wokutanga dzemakwiringwindi zvishandiso uye kuchinja kubva panzvimbo imwe neimwe yakawanda, nepo muna Chalcolithic nguva, pachiyero madzinza ndakagara siyana.

Chitarisiko simbi kushanda uye kuvhima pfuti kunounza munyika yavakanga anobudiswa, pakutanga. Munhoroondo chechinyorwa - uyu Europe. Panyaya iyi, hapana zvakachinja, asi remakore rechi21 mberi vamwe haisi bakatwa endarira kana musket, imwe nyika apo pane zvombo zvenyukireya kana michina yemhando yepamusoro mu minda zvesayenzi uye okugadzira (zvemari dzakabudirira) siyana. Saka, kunyange nhasi, kana vasayendisiti akabvunza: "Chii chinokonzera mbiri yose matambudziko nhasi", ivo anoratidza munhu murombo ezvinhu uye vakawanda zvemari underdeveloped nyika.

Kunyanya kuvenga kunyika World Third uye zvikuru yakabudirira inoti zviratidzo zvakadai:

underdeveloped nyika	zvikuru dzakabudirira
Mukuru mwero wokufa kwevanhu, kunyanya pakati pavana.	Average upenyu anotarisirwa ndiwo makore 78-86.
Kushaya zvakakwana evanhu kudzivirira vagari murombo.	urovha makomborero, subsidized kurapwa.
Simba mushonga, kushaya mishonga uye matanho.	A mukuru yakati mushonga, sumo kupinda hana vagari kukosha kudzivirira zvirwere, zvokurapa upenyu inishuwarenzi.
Kushaya zvirongwa dzidzo vana uye vechidiki uye kupa jaya nenyanzvi mabasa.	Great kusarudza chikoro uye dzidzo yepamusoro masangano pamwe urongwa vakasununguka dzidzo, inokosha kwaanoita uye dzidzo

Parizvino, nyika dzakawanda dziri zvemari novimba mumwe. Kana kunyange 200-300 apfuura, they dzabudapo India uye kuCeylon, ipapo akanga kupatsanurwa, mumapepa uye kuendeswa kune dzimwe nyika negungwa, uye muitiro angadai zvinobatanidzwa mumwe kana kupfuura makambani, nhasi yakatsvuka zvinhu rapera muna imwe nyika, kupatsanurwa mune mumwe, uye ndokurongedza ari wechitatu. Uye rinoshanda maindasitiri ose - kubva chokoreti rokuita kuti vomurova nzvimbo zvitundumuseremusere. Saka kazhinji zvinokonzera matambudziko yose vavete chokwadi kuti kana imwe nyika upfumi dambudziko, izvozvo zvaitika zvinoshanda zvose shamwari inoti, uye migumisiro yacho vanosvika yemapuraneti pezvose.

A chakarurama chakanaka nokusangana upfumi munyika dzakasiyana ndechokuti vanobatana kwete chete munguva kubudirira, asi nguva yedambudziko. Havafanire kubata nemigumisiro oga, sezvo dzakapfuma nyika kutsigira upfumi kubva zvishoma dzakabudirira vakaroorana.

kwouwandu hwevanhu

Chimwe chinokonzera matambudziko pose masayendisiti ano vanodavira kukurumidza kukura chavagari panyika. Panyaya iyi, izvozvo zvinogona kucherechedzwa dzinokura maviri:

• In zvikuru dzakabudirira Western European kuberekwa mwero yakaderera chaizvo. Kune mhuri chisingawanzowaniki umo vanopfuura 2 vana. Izvi zvishoma nezvishoma zvinotungamirira chokuti runodiwa kuti Europe iri kuchembera, uye iye chikatsiviwa vatama vachibva Africa uye Asia, mumhuri iyo vakaita mugove vana.
• Ukuwo, munyika underdeveloped nyika, dzakadai India, South uye Central America, Africa uye Asia, pasi chaizvo pakurarama, asi yakakwirira nokuberekwa unodiwa. Kushaya zvakakodzera mishonga, kushaya zvokudya uye mvura yakachena - izvi zvose zvinotungamirira yakakwirira mwero wokufa kwevanhu, saka pane zvakawanda vana kutora chidimbu chiduku pavo chaizorarama.

Kana tikaronda kukura vepasi muzana remakore rechi20, unogona kuona sei kwave simba wevanotungamirira "kuputika" mune mamwe makore.

Muna 1951, vanhu yakanga vanhu pfuurei mabhiriyoni 2,5. Mumakore chete 10, nyika akararama kupfuura 3 bln., Uye kwakapfuura zvikamu $ 5 bhiriyoni kubudikidza 1988, vanhu. Muna 1999, nhamba iyi yakasvika 6 bhiriyoni, uye muna 2012 vanhu munyika dzinopfuura mabhiriyoni 7 vanhu.

Masayendisiti anodavira huru zvinokonzera matambudziko yose vari kuti zviwanikwa Pasi, panguva vasina kwokukara waro chicherwa pfuma, sezvazvakaita nhasi, hazvina kukwana kuti kukura nevanhu. Mazuvano pagore anofa nenzara vanhu mamiriyoni 40, izvo hazvideredzi nhamba yevanhu kubva pakati yaro 2016 kukura yevanhu vanopfuura 200 000 kuzvarwa mhenyu pazuva.

Saka, musimboti matambudziko pose uye dzavo zvinokonzera vari kuramba kukura chavagari, izvo maererano masayendisiti muna 2100 vachange pfuura mabhiriyoni 10. All izvi vanhu vadye, kufema, Makomborero yebudiriro, kutyaira motokari, kubhururuka ndege uye kuparadza hunhu waro upenyu basa. Kana havaiti kuchinja mafungiro avo zvakatipoteredza uye kuti kushamwari dzavo, asi mune ramangwana nyika kutarisira yose zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza dambudziko, hombe Denda uye kurwisana kwemauto.

Zvinetso zvokudya

Kana zvikuru dzakabudirira vanowanzotevedzera nezvibereko zvizhinji, zvizhinji izvo kukonzera zvinetso zvoutano akadai kenza, zvemwoyo chirwere, kufutisa, chirwere cheshuga, uye vamwe vazhinji, nokuti wechitatu nyika nyika dziri mwero kuramba zvokudya uye nzara pakati yevagari.

Kazhinji, nyika dzose unogona kukamurwa 3 mhando:

• Avo apo anoramba yokushomeka kwezvokudya uye mvura. Ichi 1/5 vanogara panyika.
• Countries umo anogadzirwa uye akura zvokudya zvakakwana, uye pane chikafu tsika.
• State, apo pane zvirongwa kurwisa kunyanya kunwa mishonga kuti kuderedza chikamu vanhu kutambura pamigumisiro zvakaipa kana zvakawanda.

Asi saka kwakasimbiswa kare uye zvoupfumi, kuti munyika umo vanhu kunonyanya kushayiwa zvokudya uye mvura yakachena, kana chikafu indasitiri iri havaratidzi dzakabudirira kana ndisipo zvakanaka dzinongoitika uye okunze kuti kurima.

Panguva iyo nyika ine zvinhu kuitira kuti hapana nokusingaperi akaenda nzara. States - vatungamiriri vanogona zvokudya mabhiriyoni 8 vanhu vari kugadzirwa kwezvokudya kupfuura upenyu pasi pose, asi nhasi vanhu bhiriyoni vanogara ezvinhu muurombo, uye pagore kuziya vana mamiriyoni 260. Kana nyika anotambura nzara 1/5 kuti vagari vemo, zvino yava dambudziko raizoitwa munyika yose, uye kugadzirisa chinofanira zvose zvavanhu pamwe chete.

mumagariro kusaruramisira

Kukonzera matambudziko pose - kupokanidzana pakati munzanga, izvo kunooneka pacharo mune zvinodiwa zvakadai:

• Upfumi, kana zvose kana zvinenge zvose zvakasikwa uye zvoupfumi zvinhu mumaoko duku vanosarudza boka revanhu, makambani kana mudzvinyiriri.
• Power, izvo zvinogona kuva mumwe munhu - musoro wehurumende kana boka duku revanhu.

Vazhinji rechitatu nyika nyika ine iri kuparadzira kambani nemamiriro chepiramidhi, kumusoro uko pane vashomanana vapfumi uye dziri pazasi varombo. Pakugovera ichi kwesimba uye mari munyika vanhu vari rakakamurwa vapfumi nevarombo, pasina boka pakati.

Kana urongwa ehurumende ari rhombus, kumusoro uko masimba pasi varombo, asi chinonyanya rukoko yapakati vanhuwo zvavo vari pakati pavo, hapana yakajeka evanhu uye neboka kuzvipokanidza. The political Murongerwo iri itsige munyika yakadaro, zvikuru dzakabudirira upfumi uye kudzivirirwa evanhu varombo kuitwa paruzhinji uye omutsa masangano.

Nhasi, nyika dzakawanda kuSouth uye kuCentral America, Africa uye Asia vane pyramidal chivako umo 80-90% vanogara pasi urombo mutsetse. Vane enyika kusagadzikana mamiriro ezvinhu, kazhinji kuitika vemauto the uye nokumukirana, izvo rinounza ane kusaenzana mune dzakawanda, sezvo dzimwe nyika vanogona kubatanidzwa mukurwisana dzavo.

political yokurwisana

Kukonzera matambudziko pose uzivi (science) se zviparadzanise murume uye hunhu. Vazivi vanofunga kuti zvakakwana kuti vanhu kuti zvipindirane nyika yavo chomukati pamwe zvokunze kwezvakatipoteredza, sezvo matambudziko kuchapera. Kutaura zvazviri, zvose zvikuru kuoma.

Chero nyika mune masimba enyika iyo ushe rinorondedzera kwete chete padanho uye kunaka kwoupenyu vagari vemo, asiwo yose vatorwa negwaro. Somuenzaniso, nhasi pane atadza nyika, iyo pave uto kukakavara ndima dzimwe inoti. enyika yavo anosangana dzakawanda, kudzivirira kodzero dzavo vakaurayiwa.

Sezvo mazuva ano zvinenge nyika dzose zvoupfumi chokuita mumwe, ipapo muri yavo hurumende, kushandisa mutemo chisimba, sezvakanga zvoga. Kana makore 100 apfuura mhinduro muchiuto kurwisa yakanga kurwisana nezvombo, zviri ikozvino kushandiswa zveupfumi uye enyika zvirango, izvo musatora upenyu, asi vanogona kuparadza zvachose emari atadza nyika.

kurwisana kwemauto

Kazhinji zvinokonzera matambudziko yose dzinokonzerwa hondo diki. Sezvineiwo, kunyange muzana rino remakore rechi21, zvose michina yayo uye kubudirira mune zvesayenzi, pfungwa dzevanhu ari pamwero nemafungiro vamiririri Middle Ages.

Kunyange zvazvo nhasi regai kupisa varoyi padanda, hondo yechitendero uye kwemagandanga regai kutarira zvishoma yomusango kupfuura panguva Raibvunzurudza. The chete chiyero inoshanda kudzora kurwisana nezvombo munyika zvinofanira kuva mubatanidzwa kunyika dzose pamusoro atadza. Kutya ari hupfumi, zvematongerwo enyika uye zvetsika voga anofanira kuva nesimba kupfuura kuda kurwisa nharaunda ane pedyo mamiriro.

Global emunhu

Dzimwe zvinokonzera matambudziko pose munyika kuitika pahwaro nokusaziva uye netsika backwardness vamwe vanhu. Nhasi tinogona kuchengeta kusiyana kwakadaro, uko mune imwe nyika vanhu akure, pakusika uye vanoraramira zvakanaka kwehurumende uye mumwe, uye mumwe - kutsvaka kuwana budiriro zvenyukireya. Muenzaniso raizova nebope pakati North uye South Korea. Sezvineiwo, uwandu munyika umo vanhu vanowanzofunga kuti mvumo nokufambira mberi mune zvesayenzi, mushonga, ano, tsika uye uri, zvakawanda.

Unogona kuona kuti kuchinja kuziva kwevanhu, kuva chete muviri. Somuenzaniso, masayendisiti kubva kunyika dzakasiyana vanogona kushanda chete chirongwa tichibatanidza kuedza zvakanakisisa pfungwa, nokukurumidza dzika nayo.

Zvinetso

Kana isu nyora zvinokonzera matambudziko yose zvishoma, uchakurati-:

• murombo ezvinhu;
• Kuwanikwa zvoupfumi zvishoma dzakabudirira;
• Kurwisana nemauto;
• enyika uye zvechitendero nharo;
• kuwanda kukura.

Kugadzirisa matambudziko aya, nyika inofanira kuva zvakanyatsobatana mumwe, kuti vabatane kubvisa migumisiro dzinomuka panyika.