Transduction - chii ichi?

были описаны в разное время. Kushandurwa uye transduction kunge chinorondedzerwa panguva dzakasiyana-siyana. The yokupedzisira yakavhurwa muna 1952. Nyaya ino vachatarira ndedzipi rakasiyana-siyana transduction, chii inobudisa ivo uye apo rinoshandiswa chiitiko ichi.

Zvidzidzo okutanga

Somudzidzi N. Tsinder kushanda Lederberg yezvirwere, kudzidza kuvapo conjugation muna Salmonella typhimurium. Akashandisa 20 monoauksotrofnyh utachiona ayo. Kana vava pairwise musayendisiti yakavhenganiswa akaedza kuona prototrophic vana. Muna 9 zviitiko, miitiro inoburitsa zvinhu zvakanyatsofanana masero aya dzave kuzivikanwa muna 79 mubatanidzwa. Nokuti hakuna yepakutanga kugozha haana kuumba repertantov pamusoro usingashandi svikiro Tsinger akagumisa kuti pakati pavo rinoitwa conjugation, umo majini mashoko Kutamiswa.

Kuti asimbise pfungwa, pamwe Lederberg, akadzokorora vachiedza Davis aine U-zvakaumbwa chubhu yakakamurwa regirazi Sefa kuti anobvisa masero zvigare. Kudzidza akashandisa okuva Salmonella typhimurium 2Ahis- uye 22Atrp-. Mune imwe hofisi sepombi 22a rine tsika tisawirirane kune mumwe - 2Vanhu. Vose vari wevasungwa 1 • 108 masero / Rine mamiririta. Mushure incubation nguva, zviri mugove 22a utachiona vaizivikanwa masero prototrophic. Vakanga aumba panguva kakawanda 1 • 10-5. Rimwe davi sepombi prototrophic masero vakanga vasipo.

The experimental Zvabuda havana kuzosimbisa pfungwa pamusoro conjugation kuchinjwa mashoko kubva 22a uye 2Vanhu utachiona.

Transduction: The Experience

Panguva nekutambira rokuongorora zvakanzi Vakawana kuti tisawirirane 22a noutachiona phage P22. It anokwanisa kuzadza uye lyse masero Salmonella typhimurium 2Vanhu. Rakapinza kuburikidza Sefa, hazvina yabata masero, bereka uye urwa navo. With kusunungurwa iyi filtration chakaitika mumiririri (sezvazvakanyorwa kunzi Lederberg uye Tsinger). Iyewo, akauya nepakati girazi. Pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu mupise mumiririri, vamwe masero ari tisawirirane 22a anowana chaiwo nhaka unhu. Vakanga zvakafanana avo varipo vari tisawirirane 2Vanhu, umo vamire kunze Fa.

Kunyanya wakaratidza kukwanisa synthesize tryptophan. Kwakati kwatemwa kuti mupise mumiriri basa hauna akarasika panguva processing nayo DNase. Izvi anobvisa zvingangoita shanduko. It Vakawana kuti mupise ehupfumi ari mumiririri akanga akafanana phage P22. It akagumisa ichi kuti ekupedzisira anotakura ruzivo pamusoro tisawirirane 22a kuti 2Vanhu, waimira sezvo uchapupu magene basa nucleic acids.

Transduction wakatangwa sezvo pfungwa kutsanangura ichi chinoshamisa magene date hutachiwana.

The specificity acho

специфичное явление, при котором осуществляется перенос генетической информации от клетки-донора к клетке-реципиенту при помощи фага . Transduction - chairo chakajairika umo kunze kuchinjwa masero mashoko kubva anyatsoronga muchitokisi kusvikira aigamuchira sero uchishandisa phage. Zvinonzi papfungwa yokuti mukufamba kubereka vana phages zvinogona kuumbwa kuti inoramba. Pamwe kana pane DNA zvinosanganisira zvimwe zvimedu vainzi transduced. Maererano ayo adsorption zvivako uye Morphology akafanana kwakajairika phage virions. Zvisinei, kana vakaramba zvirwere masero matsva, pane kuchinjwa nemagene determinants wekupedzisira muridzi. Saka transduction mashandiro kunoratidzwa zvinotevera. Nokuti kuchinjwa masero determinants zvakafanira kuita chokuwanziridza ari phage kuti masero ari anyatsoronga epfungwa. Zvadaro, kunoguma fagolizat kusumwa kupinda wacho masero. Vakasarudzwa transductants rinoitwa nhau anyatsosarudza. In kwavo kwokutanga mugamuchiri masero havagoni kukura.

kupatsanura

Kudzidza Chiitiko zvave kuwanikwa kuti zvimwe phages anokwanisa kutuma majini siyana, uye vamwe - chete dzakananga. Saka, marudzi maviri date kuchinjirwa iri dzinounzwa:

1. Generalized transduction. явление предполагает передачу любого фрагмента хромосомы. Fani iyi inosanganisira kuchinjwa upi chomudziyo ane mashoko okutodza.
2. Chaicho kutama. Muchiitiko chino, chete vamwe majini Kutamiswa.

Nonspecific (generalized) muitiro

Zvii iyi nyaya ine transduction? явление имеет место при наличии вируса, выступающего только в качестве переносчика материала. Izvi zvinoitika pamberi utachiwana, anoita chete sezvo mutakuri zvinhu. Mumwe wavo - akati phage P22. Lederberg vakashanda naye uye Zinger. PBS1 B. Subtilis, Р1 E. Coli и проч. Uyezve, phages, izvo vakatakura generalized transduction - ndiye PBS1 B. Subtilis, p1 E. Coli, uye zvichingodaro. The kwacho kunoitika pamwe kutora chikamu chakaremara inoramba. Paumbwe zvinhu izvi rikaitika kubereka phages aine disintegration of kwemabhakitiriya chromosomal DNA. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti inotungamirwa yavo anogona kutora nzvimbo panguva lytic kukura uye pashure prophage induction. In vamwe nhamba inoramba pamu kwemabhakitiriya DNA. The kwakakura ayo zvimedu havachaoni achatungamirira saizi. Saka siyana vanogona ndokurongedza pamwe pamusoro kwemabhakitiriya chromosome. The phage inoramba kuti takura DNA zvimedu, anonzi chakaremara.

recombination

Kana fagolizatom, iyo ine zvose zvinoitika uye transducing zvimedu kubata masero mugamuchiri kugozha, utachiona kuti chakaipa phage kazhinji kunotungamirira lysis (nemukuparadzwa). Asi vamwe masero vari utachiwana chakaremara zvinoriumba. The mamiriro anouya pfupi zvidimbu kaviri nezano DNA kubva anyatsoronga. Nokudaro circularization kunoitika. Nemamwe mashoko, Linear DNA zvimedu kubva anyatsoronga recombine pamwe DNA kubva wacho. Izvi inotongwa recA-Gene. Saka, ndiko Kazhinji homologous recombination, izvo akatakurirwa itirana (yakawiriranwa) kupanana akakodzera homologous zvikamu.

chaicho muitiro

Transduction iyi mhando kuwanikwa muna 1956. peculiarity Its ndechokuti mumwe phage transmits shoma chaizvo, zvakananga nharaunda yacho chromosome. Kana nonspecific phage transduction - "pusa" Vector kuvabereki zvinhu, uye recombination kunoitika mitemo mukuru, muchiitiko ichi, kwete chete transmits mashoko, asi rinopawo kupinda mariri mashoko okutodza. The yakakurumbira muenzaniso anoita muitiro, kwakaitwa phage λ. It anokwanisa yekutapurira masero E. Coli mimwe kusangana kuti DNA kupinda genome. Izvi unozvidzora phage pamwe utachiona panguva lizogenezatsii nzvimbo-chaiyo recombination (iro pakakoromoka uye muchinjikwa Connect nematunhu mamorekuru) rapinzwa chromosome pane mugove mumwe chete - pakati bio- uye VaG-loci. Anofungidzirwa, izvi zviri kukonzerwa "zvakaipa" kuumba loop iri prophage disintegration. Nokuda nharaunda iri genome pedyo pacho, wakanamatira kubva chromosome marongerwo uye zvinoenda akasununguka phage. Recessed zvinhu zvinogona kutsiviwa kusvika 1/3 yokugara mashoko. Pashure kavha chakaremara phage DNA nezvimedu kuumbwa.

Minda kushandiswa

Transduction mabhakitiriya anogona kushandiswa:

1. In mazano chimwe genotype utachiona, isogenic, kunyanya. Muchiitiko ichi chiduku kwazvo zvitange nezvimedu rinopa mukana transduction muitiro pamberi conjugation. Isogeneic utachiona vanowanika uchishandisa generalizatsionnoy kuchinjwa zvinhu zvakasiyana chete kuti chikamu chromosome kuti anotakura chakaremara phage.
2. Nokuti yakarurama Mapping majini mabhakitiriya kumisa murayiro placement vavo operons, nomucheka mamiriro vamwe determinants. Izvi zvinoitwa complementation bvunzo. Unowanikwa kuti synthesizing zvimwe zvigadzirwa kunoda basa majini akawanda. Somuenzaniso, muitiro wacho pakutsvaga zvinoumba zvivako uye b. Kufunga kune mbiri mutants phenotypically akafanana haakwanisi synthesize yacho enzayemu. Hazvina kuzivikanwa kuti vakasiyana majini. Kuziva genotype akatakurwa transduction, i.e. phage chokuwanziridza pamusoro masero ari chete vakawanda, zvichiteverwa chirwere pamwe zvemamiriro wechipiri. Kana jekiseni kupinda svikiro zvokusarudza yakabereka nezviduku Colony transdukantov, zvinonzi vakagumisa kuti localization of kunotouraya dziri magene siyana.
3. Kana transdutsirovanii plasmids uye anyatsoronga pfupi zvimedu okutodza.

Mukuwedzera

Mabhuku inowanzoshandiswa kwakadaro chinhu se "mureza transduction". Zvinomirira chiratidzo hutachiwana. The kwacho kunoitika imwe muenzaniso. Chokutanga, vatorwa mumiririri interacts pamwe cellular Kanotokonya. Zvadaro kusashanda effector Morekuru. It riri muna Kamudzira uye ndiye anokonzera paumbwe wechipiri nhume. Chizvarwa wavo zvinobatsira kuti activation kuti chipfuro mapurotini. Ivowo, kukonzera zvinotevera vanozoshanda.