"Vakafa Mweya": zvinoreva zita. Detembo Nikolaya Vasilevicha Gogolya

Ruchapinda muruoko anodhinda vhoriyamu yokutanga "Vakafa Mweya" Gogol muna May 1842. Basa akazvarwa namweya munyori panguva basa rake pamusoro "Inspector". In "Vakafa Mweya" Gogol rinoreva musoro mukuru basa rake; raitonga makirasi Russian munzanga. Munyori pachake akati: "Vazhinji guru uye yangu zvisikwa, uye kwete nokukurumidza kuva kuguma kwayo." Zvechokwadi, "Vakafa Mweya" - kunoshamisa chakajairika munhau Russian uye nyika satire.

"Vakafa Mweya" - mumwe satire pamusoro serfdom

"Vakafa Mweya" - basa yakaoma realism. Ndiro akatsiva Gogol Pushkin kuti prose. Anotaura nezvazvo mapeji detembo iri digression pamusoro nezvemarudzi maviri vanyori (VII chitsauko). Izvi zvinozarura chinoratidza Gogol kuti realism: kukwanisa afumure uye kuratidza pedyo-yose zvikanganiso evanhu, izvo vasiri pachena nguva dzose. In "Vakafa Mweya" kwakaratidza mirayiridzo inokosha realism:

1. Historicism. The chidimbu zvakanyorwa pamusoro dzinoitwa munyori nguva - mutsetse makore 20-30 ane XIX remakore - ipapo serfdom akambosanganawo chakakomba dambudziko.
2. Typical hunhu uye mamiriro ezvinhu. Landlords uye bureaucrats vanoratidzwa satirically ane simba yakaoma chinangwa, inoratidza huru munzanga marudzi. It anonyatsoteerera kuti mashoko Gogol.
3. Satirical achitaipa. It kunokwanisika authoring kuchiitwa vatambi enyambo ezvinhu, unonyatsoruramisa zvakapfuura vatambi kupamhidzira, kutaura okufananidza nokumukirana uye zvirevo.

Meaning: chaizvoizvo uye nemadimikira

Gogol akanga achironga kunyora basa mavhoriyamu matatu. Sezvikonzero akatora "Comedy Divine" Dante Aligeri. Saizvozvowo, "Mweya Dead" vaifanira kuva zvikamu zvitatu. Kunyange musoro nhetembo anoreva muverengi dzemitemo yechiKristu.

Sei "Vakafa Mweya"? The zita pacharo - imwe oxymoron, tichienzanisa kwakafanana. Soul - ndiwo nenhumbi rwevharanda mupenyu, kwete nevakafa. Tichishandisa nzira iyi, Gogol anotipa tariro kuti hakuna akarasika, kuti zvakanaka kutanga kuna zvirema mweya landlords uye bureaucrats zvinogona patsva. Izvi aifanira kuva uye vhoriyamu rechipiri.

Zvinoreva zita nhetembo "Vakafa Mweya" iri ndege dzakawanda. Pamusoro pemvura - chaiyo nokuti inonzi mweya akafa vakafa varimi magwaro bureaucratic. Chaizvoizvo, izvi ndiwo Chichikov nokumanikidza: kutenga serfs akafa uye kutora mari dzavo chokuvonerapo. In ezvinhu kutengeswa vanhuwo zvavo uye unoratidza vanonyanya kutaurwa. "Mweya Dead" - pachayo landlords uye vakuru atarisana Chichikov, nekuti maari hamuna chinhu chakasara kwevanhu, mupenyu. Ivo vanotongwa nemakaro (vakuru), blockhead (Boll), utsinye (pamhino) uye roughness (Sobakevich).

Zvinoreva zita zvakadzama

All zvoMutemo idzva rakazaruka paunoverenga nhetembo "Dead Mweya". Zvinoreva rokuti, inovandira panzvimbo dzakadzikira chigadzirwa, kuti tifunge kuti munhu, nyore murume ari mumugwagwa, anogona pakupedzisira dzikava Manilow kana Nozdryov. Enough mumwoyo make kuti kugadzirisa pasi zvishoma chido. Uye haana kuona sei pane vzrastet dzezvakaipa. Kuti izvi zvidaro, muChitsauko XI Gogol inokurudzira muverengi kutarira vanyura mweya uye cheki: "Zvino kune mandiri zvimwe chikamu Chichikov?"

Gogol akaisa ari nhetembo "Vakafa Mweya" pfungwa mazita multidimensional, kuvhura muverengi pakarepo, asi urongwa kufunga nezvebasa.

Genre mavambo

Apo "Vakafa Mweya" ongororo anomutsa mumwe mubvunzo: "Sei Gogol ari Positioning chigadzirwa sechinhu detembo?" Zvechokwadi, Genre mavambo zvakasikwa akasiyana. Pandaishanda pamusoro zvinobikwa Gogol mutsamba dzake neshamwari akagoverana dzavo Zvakawanikwa okusika, achidanidzira "Dead Mweya" uye nhetembo uye yokufungidzira.

On rokuti peji rokutanga shanduro rakanyorwa: "The Adventures pamusoro Chichikov, kana Dead Mweya" (chikamu kusenza ichi chokutanga) - uye musoro wenyaya muchikamu "Poem" akanga pachena mberi guru. Munyori pachake vakasimbirira kuti zvakanga zvakadaro akaita "Dead Mweya". Zvinoreva zita chigadzirwa ipfupi kuti detembo kuti Gogol akaronga kuramba basa, uye ari Mavhoriyamu rechipiri uye rechitatu zvinoratidza kumutsidzirwa zvakaipa vatambi. Uye zvadaro "Mweya Dead" kubva satire ikava detembo.

Izvi hazvirevi vanonetesa Genre zvaidiwa chigadzirwa "Dead Mweya". Zvinoreva musoro nhetembo yake akatsanangura Nikolai Vasilievich ari Chinyorwa mabhuku. Ikoko anoshevedza nhetembo Genre, zvenguva pakati Epic uye yokufungidzira. Nechepakati Genre iyi kuva gamba - zvake, kuburikidza adventures dzinoratidza tsika dzinoitwa panguva. In muenzaniso Gogol anotungamirira "Don Quixote" pamusoro Cervantes.

Uyewo, "Mweya Dead" chimwe chinhu, mauri chigadzirwa anoonekwa kuva detembo - hwakawanda lyrical digressions, unhu chanter yacho Genre.

Kuwedzera kune izvi unhu, "Mweya Dead" rakada Pamuganhu picaresque yokufungidzira, uye kunyange mumagariro. Asi kureva basa Genre ichi hachisi zvakakodzera nokuda kwekushaiwa dzorudo.

Heroes uye Anti-magamba enyika nhetembo

In bhuku "Vakafa Mweya" ( "Hero" by Dante) rokutanga Gogol akaronga kuratidza zvakaipa - nezvoruvengo machinda uye muridzi kirasi. Zvakange zvakauya ezvinhu mifananidzo. mweya Heroes-akafa - avo machinda Varidzi, iyo paanosangana Chichikov, achiita manomano ake nomuvuki.

Mifananidzo Varidzi akapa muwanze kuderera pakunamata uye patsika turpitude. In rondedzero neimwe Gogol chinotarisa nezvokuti ichi hachisi chaiyo mhosva, uye rudzi rwevanhu, 'Manilow runobva kuvanhu saka-saka "; Box - "Mumwe matushkas ivavo"; "Vanhu vakaita Nozdryov, munhu wose aifanira kusangana vazhinji." Kwakadaro tsika varombo vanhu anosika pasocial ezvinhu. Mune nhetembo, akatongerwa vose varidzi uye zvose feudal ezvinhu yose.

Chimwe akaipa mufananidzo nhetembo "Vakafa Mweya" - ari muboka revatungamiriri. Taundi rine chakaparadzwa uye nenyonganyonga. Muboka revatungamiriri - nzvimbo unogona kuita purofiti. Muitiro yokuwana fufuro kufuka rukova. Yeuka Chiitiko apo Chichikov chiokomuhomwe Ivan Antonovich. Zviito vakuru vakauya kuna automatism: kuona bhiri - cover kapepa - sokuti zvose zvakanaka.

Negative vatambi vanoumba zvinoreva zita nhetembo - "Dead Mweya". Zvisinei, maererano Gogol, haisi zvose zvakaipa: vaviri magamba ane mukana kuvandudza. Process nokumutswa kwevakafa inofamba chokuita mhando. Two nhetembo vatambi kuratidzwa kukura kwacho: kupiwa Biography uye Elijah Chichikov. Gogol Izvi zvahungava hwakaita zvakavimbika kuti vanokwanisa kuchinja mune ramangwana.

Hapana mubvunzo yakanaka gamba iri nhetembo - ndiye munyori, kunoratidzwa kuburikidza lyrical digressions. Anonzwisisa uye anoda Russia, anoona kukuru zvinogona mune vanhu Russian. Uyezve, Gogol anosimbisa unhu hwakanaka vanhu Russian: munhu manune rurimi, nesimba basa, kuvimbika, mavambo uye Kufungidzira. Hazvina kuchinja uku kuchaita Russia kuva munhu nakisisa shiri-veTroika.

On bhuku "Vakafa Mweya" yechipiri

In ezvinhu kukuru okusika dambudziko iri Gogol akanyora bhuku rechipiri "Vakafa Mweya" kwemakore gumi. In matsamba ake, kazhinji anonyunyuta kuti shamwari kuti zvakasimba chaizvo uye kwete chaizvoizvo agutsikane.

Gogol anotaura inowirirana, yakanaka mufananidzo muridzi Kostanzhoglo: judicious mutoro, achishandisa ruzivo yesayenzi midziyo Manor. Under nawo Chichikov reconsidering ukama rayo chokwadi uye shanduko nani.

Achiona zviri nhetembo "nhema zvinokosha", Gogol akapisa Vhoriyamu "Vakafa Mweya" wechipiri.