Vanouya mashoko ari kombiyuta: kushandisa mienzaniso

Kana munhu mubasa kudzidza zvigadzirwa kombiyuta hakusi asingafungi, asi zvakakomba, zvirokwazvo anofanira kuziva chii vari zvakasiyana siyana mashoko ari kombiyuta. mubvunzo uyu unokosha, nekuti haana chete kushandisa-software uye anodawo enyika, asi vo zvirongwa zviri musimboti yakavakirwa izvi Ahazi.

Chidzidzo "Mharidzo mashoko ari kombiyuta": zvinokosha

Kazhinji, midziyo kombiyuta nokuti nzira iye anoona mashoko kana mirayiro, vatendeuki navo mumba faira zvinogona uye rinopa anoishandisa Finished mugumisiro uri siyanei kwakajairika pfungwa.

Chokwadi vose aivapo hurongwa hunobva maviri chete nomusoro dzaishandisa - "wechokwadi" uye "venhema» (true, nhema). In nyore mupfungwa zviri "hongu" kana "kwete."

Zvinonzi vakanzwisisa kuti mashoko kombiyuta nesayenzi asinganzwisisi nei chinokosha-digital maitiro pamwe zvimiso romutemo akasikwa ari mambakwedza muzvigadzirwa kombiyuta, umo kufarirwa kuMudzidzisi Unit, uye kuramba - razero. Ndizvo chaizvo yakaonekwa vanonzi kumiririrwa binary mashoko ari kombiyuta. Zvichienderana mubatanidzwa vaya uye zeros akatsunga uye kukura humboo chinhu.

Zviduku chairema ichi mhando ndiyo saizi zvishoma - yati, izvo zvinogona kuva zvinokosha kana 0 kana 1. Zvisinei, ano hurongwa akadaro zviduku zvakawanda havasi kushanda, uye akapotsa nzira dzose aendesa mashoko ari kombiyuta vari airarama kushandisa matomu sere chete, izvo pamwe chete vanoumba bytes (2 kune simba wechisere). Saka, mune rimwe byte zvinogona kuitwa chero chimiro yeEncoding ose 256 zvinobvira. Uye munhu binary remitemo ndiye bedrock vamwe ruzivo chinhu. Zvichava kunzwisiswa, sei zvinoita uchidzidzira.

Informatics: urongwa mashoko ari kombiyuta. wakasimba-pfungwa nhamba

Sezvo pakutanga kutaura pamusoro nhamba, tinofunga kuti hurongwa Anovaratidza. Kumiririrwa kusanganiswa mashoko ari kombiyuta nhasi unogona kukamurwa kubudiswa nhamba pamwe yatarwa uye zvinoyangarara pfungwa. Wokutanga mhando zvinogonawo kunzi vanhuwo integers, uyo pashure grade pfungwa ndewe razero.

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti nhamba iyi mhando kunogona kutora 1, 2, kana 4 bytes. Anonzi musoro byte ndiye anokonzera chiratidzo nhamba, apo zvakanaka chiratidzo anoenderana zero, uye kunaka - chikwata. Saka, Somuenzaniso, 2-byte kumiririrwa kuwanda netsika kuti zvakanaka nhamba iri zvinobva 0 kusvika 2 ¹⁶ -1, inova 65535, uye nokuda kunaka nhamba - -2 ¹⁵ 2 ¹⁵ -1, izvo zvakaenzana nhamba siyana kubva -32768 kusvika 32767.

Zvinoyangarara-pfungwa kumiririrwa

Zvino funga mhando nhamba yechipiri. Chokwadi chokuti chikoro zvidzidzo zvidzidzo pamusoro "Kushuma pakombiyuta" (giredhi 9) zvinoyangarara-pfungwa nhamba haana kukurukurwa. Operations navo chaizvo kunzwisisa uye anoshandiswa Somuenzaniso, mitambo yepakombiyuta. Zviya, zvishoma pfungwa kubva wenyaya, zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti nekuda ano Graphics makadhi mumwe chikuru zviratidzi maitiro ndiwo mwero kwema riri nhamba dzakadaro.

Pano tinoshandisa exponential chimiro, umo nzvimbo grade pfungwa inogona kuchinjwa. Sezvo inokosha payakavakirwa, kuratidza chiratidzo cherudo dzingaverengwa vakagamuchira A _{^{zvinotevera: A = M A * Q P}} , apo M _A - ndiye mantissa, Q ^P - iri radix, uye P - hurongwa nhamba.

The mantissa anofanira kusangana nezvaidiwa Q ^-1 ≤ | M _A | <1, ipapo panofanira kuva kwakakodzera binary chikamu chiduku chine digit mushure grade pfungwa, izvo rakasiyana razero, uye sezvairayirwa - rwose nhamba. Uye chero normalized grade nhamba inogona kunyatsonanga nyore kufungidzira mune exponential chimiro. Uye uwandu ichi mhando vane pakukura 4 kana 8 bytes.

Somuenzaniso, ari grade nhamba 999.999 maererano payakavakirwa ine normalized mantissa uchaona sezvinoita 0,999999 _~ 10 ^3.

Kuratidza rugwaro Data: zvishoma nhoroondo

Vazhinji vose vanoshandisa makombiyuta kushandisa bvunzo mashoko. Uye kuona mashoko mamwe mashoko ari kombiyuta anoenderana chete bumbiro mazano binary.

Zvisinei, nokuti kuti nhasi tinogona kuverenga zvakawanda mitauro munyika, kumiririra chinyorwa ruzivo anoshandisa anokosha encodings maitiro kana bumbiro pamatafura. With veMubatanidzwa MS-Dos kwainzi kumboenda mwero yeEncoding CP866, uye Apple Mac makombiyuta achashandisa yayo mureza. Nepo chaiwo ISO 8859-5 yeEncoding wakatangwa kuti mutauro wokuRussia. Zvisinei, pamwe kukura zvigadzirwa kombiyuta Zvakakosha kuisa mitemo mitsva.

dzakasiyana-siyana encodings

Somuenzaniso, mukunopera 90-ies wekupedzisira remakore paiva zvakasikwa yeEncoding pakati Unicode, izvo zvinogona hazvibati chete chinyorwa data, asiwo maCD uye mavhidhiyo. peculiarity Its ndechokuti rimwe hunhu akanga dzinounzwa kupfuura rimwe yati, asi maviri.

Papera chinguva, pane dzimwe mhando. For Windows anotsanangura hurongwa, chinonyanya kushandiswa ndiye yeEncoding CP1251, asi nokuda mutauro wokuRussia uye achiri kushandiswa koi-8P - yeEncoding, yakabuda mukupera 70, uye 80 vakanga vachishingaira kushandiswa kunyange Unix anotsanangura hurongwa.

Mashoko chaiwo mune mamwe mashoko kumiririrwa kombiyuta inobva patafura ASCII, kusanganisira nechigadziko uye pakutsanangura mugove. Wokutanga zvinosanganisira Codes kubva 0 kusvika 127, wechipiri - kubva 128 kusvika 255. Zvisinei, kutanga siyana Codes 0-32 wakasuduruka mhiri zviratidzo kuti basa kiyi mureza kiibhodhi uye mashandiro kiyi (F1-F12).

Graphics: huru marudzi

Kana Graphics, iro zvinowanzoshandiswa yanhasi digitaalinen nyika, pane zvimwe nuances. Kana kutarira mufananidzo mashoko ari kombiyuta hwakajeka, unofanira kutanga kuteerera huru mhando zvifananidzo. Pakati pavo vane mhando mbiri huru - vector uye Raster.

Vector Graphics inobva kushandisa chinyakare zvitarisiko (mitsetse, madenderedzwa, makakombama, polygons, uye zvichingodaro. D.), mabhokisi Text uye Inozadzisa yakananga ruvara. Bitmaps dzinobva kushandisa imwe rectangular chizvaro, nechimwe chine maatomu akafanana iyo inonzi Pixel. Uyezve, mumwe nomumwe ichocho, unogona kuisa kwahwo uye ruvara.

vector mufananidzo

Nhasi, kushandiswa Vector ane shoma nzvimbo. Vane wakanaka Somuenzaniso, apo nokusika hwokugadzira mifananidzo diagrams, kana kuti maviri-dimensional kana-dimensional zvitatu yokutevedzera zvinhu.

Mienzaniso mira Vector zvitarisiko vari zvinogona akadai PDF, WMF, PCL. Nokuti zvinofamba zvitarisiko kunyanya kushandiswa MacroMedia Flash mureza. Asi kana isu nezvazvo unhu kana kuita mabasa akaoma kupfuura imwe yose, zviri nani kushandisa Raster zvinogona.

bitmaps

With Raster zvinhu zviri zvikuru kuoma. Chokwadi chokuti hurukuro mashoko ari kombiyuta anotsanangura chizvaro kunosanganisira kushandisa mamwe parameters - ruvara udzamu (quantitative kuratidza palette mavara) muna matomu, uye kuti chizvaro kukura (nhamba pixels por padiki, kunzi DPI).

Kureva palette anogona kuva 16, 256, 65.536 kana 16.777.216 mavara, uye chizvaro anogona siyana, asi rakajairika anonzi chisarudzo pamusoro 800x600 pixels (480 000 pixels). Maererano zviratidzo izvi kuona nhamba nematomhu hunodiwa kuti achengetere chinhu. Nokuti ichi isu kutanga kushandisa nzira N = 2 ^Ini, umo N - ndiyo nhamba mavara, uye ini - munhu ruvara kudzika.

Zvadaro vakaverenga uwandu mashoko. Somuenzaniso, kuverenga kukura faira mufananidzo ane 65.536 mavara uye chizvaro pakati 1024x768 pixels. The mhinduro iri sezvinotevera:

• I = danda ₂ 65536, kuti ndiyo 16 matomu;
• uwandu pixels 1024 _* 768 = 786 432;
• ndangariro vanokwanisa ndiyo 16 matomu ₊ 786 432 = 12 582 912 BYTES, izvo unoenderana 1,2 Mb.

Siyana ekuteerera: chikuru kutungamirirwa kwetunhu

Mharidzo mashoko ari kombiyuta, inonzi ekuteerera, pasi chete dzinokosha zvakatendeka inorondedzerwa pamusoro. Asi, sezvo chipi zvako. ruzivo anoramba kumiririra ruzha, zvakare, vakashandisa dzavo mamwe zvinhu.

Zvinosuruvarisa yepamusoro mutsindo kubereka uye akazviratidza zvemichina kombiyuta okupedzisira chaizvo. Zvisinei, kana playback rakagara zvakawanda havaratidzi, kubatana kwetunhu chaiyo-inorira chiridzwa kwakanga zvisingaiti. Naizvozvo, vamwe makambani Chinyorwa akasuma mitemo yavo pachavo. Nhasi, inonyanya kushandiswa, FM usage uye tafura-wave nzira.

Muchiitiko chokutanga zvinoreva kuti chero dzinongoitika inzwi, riri kuramba, inogona yaora mune umwe kutevedzana (kutevedzana kwezviitiko) nyore harmonics uchishandisa zvakabudiswa nzira uye zvibereko mharidzo mashoko ari muyeuko kombiyuta inobva bumbiro. Kutamba kushandiswa zvinopesana neizvi muitiro, asi muchiitiko chino, zvisingadzivisiki kurasikirwa zvimwe zvinoumba kuti aonekwa yepamusoro.

Apo tafura-wave usage Vanzveri kuti pane pre-akasika tafura mienzaniso inzwi mhenyu zviridzwa. Mienzaniso yakadaro dzinonzi ivhu. Panguva iyoyowo kuridza chikwata midi (Musical Instrument Digital inowanikwa) rinoshandiswa kakawanda zvakakwana kunzwisisa kubva bumbiro mhando zvinoridzwa, namo, kwenguva refu, mutsindo zvikuru uye emuchina yokuchinja, zvakatipoteredza Kurongwa uye zvimwe zvinhu. Nemhaka nokurira pedyo zvakakwana pedyo dzinongoitika mhando iyi.

zvinogona ano

Asi kare hwaro mureza wav yatorwa (chaizvoizvo, kurira kwazvo uye ari muchimiro wave), pamusoro kwenguva zvakava zvakavaomera zvikuru, kana chete nokuda chokwadi kuti mafaira dzakadaro kugara nzvimbo kunyanya kuchengetera nevezvenhau.

Over nguva, ruzivo kuti tsonyera urongwa ichi. Saka, vakachinja uye Inogadzirawo pachavo. The inozivikanwa nhasi vanogona kunzi MP3, OGG, WMA, FLAC nevamwe vazhinji.

Zvisinei, kusvikira zvino huru parameters upi inzwi faira anoramba zvakabudiswa maitikiro (44.1 kHz ndiko mureza, kunyange zvazvo tsika dzinogona kuwanikwa kumusoro uye pazasi), uye uwandu chiratidzo siyana (16 matomu, 32 matomu). Pfungwa, kwakadaro digitizing inogona sokureva cherudo mashoko ari acoustic mhando kombiyuta inobva analoginen chikuru chiratidzo (mu yezvakaita upi inzwi iri pakutanga analoginen).

mharidzo Video

Kana matambudziko kurira vakanga kugadziriswa nokukurumidza zvakakwana, vhidhiyo zvose zvakanga zvisina kudaro pachaenzaniswa. Dambudziko raiva kuti vhidhiyo, firimu kana video game muri mubatanidzwa vhidhiyo uye zvakarekodhwa. Zvaizoratidza sokuti chii chingava nyore pane chokubatanidza zvinofamba mufananidzo zvinhu vane chikero? Somugumisiro, ichi chaiva dambudziko chairo.

All kufunga kuti kubva waishandiswa nemaonero, pakutanga kuyeuka wokutanga puranga mumwe muchimiro, inonzi kiyi, uye chete ipapo kuchengetedza kusiyana (musiyano runotaura). Uye chii chinonyanya kurwadza, digitized kana akasika mavhidhiyo vakawana imwe saizi zvokuti munovachengeta pakombiyuta yako kana bvisika nhepfenyuro yaiva hazvitomboiti.

Dambudziko racho ragadziriswa apo akazviratidza AVI youduku inomiririra imwe yezvisikwa mudziyo, zvinosanganisira chine kutigumbura zvingafananidzwe zvikachenge- zvemasanga mashoko, saka kunyange compressed nenzira dzakasiyana. Saka, kunyange mafaira ari zvakafanana AVI mumwe anogona zvakasiyana-siyana.

Uye nhasi unogona kusangana yakawanda nevamwe akakurumbira nemavhidhiyo zvinogona, asi vose zvavo vakashandisa dzavo parameters uye parameter tsika, mukuru pakati iri nhamba emadziro muzana rechipiri pachavo.

Codecs uye decoders

Mharidzo kwemashoko ari kombiyuta sezvo hurongwa zvisingaiti kufungidzira pasina kushandisa codecs uye decoders akashandiswa compression uye decompression zviri pakutanga tigutsikane munguva playback. zita ravo chairo rinoratidza kuti vamwe encode (tsonyera) chiratidzo, wechipiri - on zvinopesana - iri unpacked.

Ndizvo avo vane basa zviri midziyo upi size, uyewo kuona kukura rokupedzisira faira. Mukuwedzera, rinokosha basa reDare chisarudzo parameter, sezvinoratidzwa nokuda Raster Graphics. Asi nhasi tinogona kunyange kusangana UltraHD (4k).

mhedziso

Kana pamwero muchidimbu pamusoro, zvinogona kucherechedzwa chete kuti ano kombiyuta hurongwa pakutanga kushanda bedzi nemaonero omumwe munhu binary remitemo (zvimwe ivo chete havanzwisisi). Uye kushandiswa kwayo kwakavakirwa kwete kupa chete mashoko, asiwo vose anozivikanwa zvirongwa mitauro nhasi. Saka, pakutanga, kuti tinzwisise sei mabasa ose, zvinokosha kunzwisisa musimboti kushandisa sequences vaya uye zeros.