BusinessIndasitiri

Wevhu - chii? Kugadzira zviumbwa

Porcelain neyevhu - ichi ndicho kuoma (maererano manufacturability) dzakasiyana-siyana zvedongo zvigadzirwa. Nokuti pamusoro gumi emakore, vari kushandiswa pakugadzira tableware, matkamuistoja, mukati zvinhu, France mashoko.

Chii - faience? Ndezvipi porcelain varipo? Sei dzakabudirira porcelain maindasitiri muRussia ano? Mhinduro dzemibvunzo iyi dzinogona kuwanikwa nyaya yedu.

Wevhu - chii? Nhoroondo wevhu

"Faience" - shoko Italian mavambo. Zvinonzi yakabatana zvakananga muguta Faenza, izvo kare chinokosha muzinda zvedongo kugadzirwa mu Europe. Chii - faience? Hazvina gobvu uye nenguvo dzakarukwa zvakanaka porous zvedongo nyaya. Kazhinji, ine chena ruvara uye kuri pachimedu akafukidzwa (yakajeka kana mikukutu).

Faience (zvirokwazvo sezvo,, uye porcelain) inoumbwa zvina rwokuzvarwa ingredients. Izvi kaolin, Goldstone, feldspar, bhora ivhu. Material haana dzinounzwa yakakwana simba, saka zviri zvizhinji kufukidza kuri pachimedu. Zvichienderana murwiyo secrete mhando dzakawanda zvehari:

  • alumina;
  • madota;
  • fireclay;
  • feldspar (zvakasiyana-siyana zviri zvikuru nevanhu).

Saka, takaona kuti zviumbwa ichi. chigadzirwa ichi ndiyo nguva yokutanga vakadzidza kuita vaEgipita uye Chinese (kumativi V remakore). Gare gare, muna yeMiddle Ages, kuumba yakaitwa Korea, Japan uye Iran. MuEurope, "yokubika" ayo kugadzirwa akauya chete ari XVI remakore.

Pari, yakanaka zvehari munyika kugadzira nyika dzakadai Germany, France, Japan, UK, China uye Italy.

Porcelain chacho dzakasiyana

Shoko "porcelain" rinobva faghfur Persian. kuti Ceramic uku ndiko Zvinokosha zvakaisvonaka, gasi uye mvura nemishonga. Porcelain yaunganidzwa vachiridzira kaolin pamwe kuwedzera feldspar, Goldstone nevamwe zvinoriumba. In iyi, kunoguma zvinhu zvakachena chena, akanaka uye kurira.

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti porcelain "akazogadzira" Chinese iri VI remakore. Uye chete pashure chiuru makore mukugadzira michina zvave kuwanikwa vokuEurope. Long asati asvika Central Asia, kukonzerwa kuna Silk Road. Pakupera ari XVII remakore vakatanga kubudisa porcelain muna America, uye pakutanga XVIII - mu Russia.

Kune mhando nhatu porcelain, izvo zvakasiyana yekudyidzana mune hunhu uye chikuru unhu:

  • zvikukutu (Reference porcelain yaunganidzwa yakakwirira tembiricha vachiridzira, izvozvo zvishoma opaque);
  • pfupa (kwakadai porcelain anogadzirwa nokuda kuwedzera musanganiswa vakapisa mapfupa akafa, zviri lightweight, yakajeka uye hunogara kwazvo);
  • nyoro (pamusoro porcelain chinokosha kuti inomira rakawedzera porosity uye yakanaka ruomba ruvara).

Muitiro nokuita zviumbwa

Neyevhu, China uye zvakafanana, kugadzirwa nenzira anenge redunhu chete. Yemazuva ano, ndiko nani yakaoma chichiitwa, izvo zvinosanganisira anenge 80 mashandiro akasiyana. Kazhinji, munhu anogona kusiyanisa muzvikamu shanu chikuru pagadzirwe whiteware zvigadzirwa:

  1. Preparatory danho (nokusanganisa nemvura uye kaolin ivhu, nokupwanya ibwe, epurasitiki guru gadziriro).
  2. Paumbwe chigadzirwa.
  3. Kuomesa - rokutanga (ari muchimiro) uye yokupedzisira.
  4. Kupisa zvigadzirwa (zvinowanzoshandiswa maviri nguva vachiridzira).
  5. Glazing uye Decorating zvigadzirwa (kupenda inogona kunzwisisa kana kuri pachimedu).

The porcelain kunoratidzwa zviumbwa?

Kazhinji, porcelain haasi akasiyana zvikuru kubva zviumbwa. Uye munhu asina mano achava zvakaoma kuona rudzii zvehari pamberi pake. Hedzino mashomanana anokosha pfungwa ichabatsira kusiyanisa porcelain kubva zviumbwa:

  • sorutivi wevhu ivhu yakawanda (anenge 85% of zvachose uremu);
  • kana kutarisa zvinhu ari chiedza chipenye kuburikidza porcelain neyevhu - kwete;
  • Porcelain anogara achirira, kunyange kana chiedza tapping, faience uyewo inongorira patainzwa inzwi yakaderera;
  • pamusoro kwenguva, chigadzirwa wevhu akafukidzwa utandande pamusoro makatsemuka zviduku, hazvina zvakafanana nokuti porcelain;
  • Ceramic zvigadzirwa kazhinji rema zvikuru kupfuura kwakafanana chigadzirwa kubva porcelain;
  • Porcelain anogara chena, asi kuumba angava akasiyana-siyana kwerima guru.

Porcelain indasitiri muRussia ano

Porcelain indasitiri iri davi chiedza bhizimisi uye unyanzvi pakuburitswa yakaisvonaka Ceramics - tableware, zvivezwa, crockery, mukati zvinhu uye matkamuistoja siyana. MuRussia, nhoroondo yacho yakatanga muna 1744 apo fekitari yokutanga yakarongwa St. Petersburg. Muzana XIX remakore ari mundima hwacho, varipo kare makumi ezviuru mafekitari kuti kugadzirwa porcelain neyevhu. Panguva yaitonga Soviet Union, nhamba makambani akadaro zvakapetwa katatu.

Nhasi porcelain indasitiri weRussia chinoenda kuburikidza yayo yakanaka nguva. Nyika ine makambani 11 chete munyika indasitiri. It anosima:

  • Kislovodsk "porcelain Phoenix."
  • Andreapolsky porcelain fekitari.
  • "Porcelain Sysert".
  • "Kuznetsovsky porcelain".
  • Gzhel porcelain fekitari.
  • PC "Dulevo porcelain".
  • "Bashkir porcelain".
  • "Porcelain Verbilok".
  • Imperial porcelain Factory.
  • Rechitsky porcelain fekitari.
  • PKF "Kubanfarfor".

Mutungamiri porcelain kurimwa munyika Russia ndiyo Imperial porcelain Factory (IPF) muSt Petersburg. zvigadzirwa zvayo kunge zvinobudirira aivigirwa kunyika dzakawanda. Products IPE wataurwa Hermitage, London uye New York mamiziyamu.

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