Zarubinets tsika: kubva, nhoroondo uye zvinonakidza

Munguva pfupi yapfuura, kufarira kukuru mumidzi yeSlavic yakatanga kuonekwa. Mibvunzo miviri inoda kugadziriswa: vanhu ava vakaonekwa munyika dzeEurope semugumisiro wekufamba, kana kuti ma ethnos akaumbwa pamusoro pezvizvarwa zvekare zvaive zvakatorwa here?

Autonomy theory

Pakati peeshanduro dzakasiyana-siyana, dzidziso yekuzvidzivirira kwevanhu ikozvino inotangira. Pairi, madzinza ari munzvimbo iyo kubva kuVistula uye Oder kuenda kuDnieper, uye ndeye praslaws. Gare gare kugoverwa kwavo kuchamhembe uye kumaodzanyemba kwakagadzirisa kuumbwa kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana eSlavic.

Vadzidzisi vezvematongerwo enyika vanoongorora mubvunzo uyu, kunyanya Gerasimov, vanotaura kuti kuonekwa kwekunze kwevanhu vanogara munharaunda iyi hakuna kuchinja zvishoma. Tsvakurudzo inosanganisa nguva kubva pakatanga mireniyamu BC (Scythians) kune tsika yeChernyakhov uyezve kusvika kuRussia yezana remakore re XVII.

Sezvo tsika yose isingagoni kuonekwa kamwe kamwe, kunyange semugumisiro wekufamba, izvo zvinotarisirwa kuti zvivepo zvinofanira kuvapo. Panyaya iyi, zvichave zvichifadza kutarisa nyaya dzinoverengeka:

1. Pane kuchinja kubva kuvaScythi kuenda kuProto-Slavic Chernyakhov tsika, inozivikanwa semutungamiri weKivan Rus?
2. Chii chinonzi Chernyakhov tsika, chii chakakonzera kuumbwa kwayo uye kuparara mukati mayo yekare Zarubinets tsika?
3. Ndezvipi zvigadzirwa zvinowanika munyaya ino.
4. Nhaka yeZarubynets tsika.

VaSitiya

Mune zvinyorwa zvekare zvechiGiriki, Scyiti inosarudzwa senzvimbo yekugadzirisa vanhu ava (vaSitiya). Maitiro akawanda ekuonekwa kwake munharaunda inofarira isu, tinosiya. Kubva pauchapupu hwaHerodotus, munhu anogona chaizvo kutaura kuti iyi yaiva tsika nevatongi (vezvematongerwe enyika), hondo inofambira mberi (iyo nzira yekudzorera yevaScythi yakanga isingazivikanwi nevaGiriki) uye nzira yekunamata uye kuvigwa (chitendero).

Zarubinets tsika inotangira kubva panguva yekunyangarika kwevaScythia. Rybakov anonyora pamusoro pokutsvaga kwevapristi pakati peumambo hweScythia, hwakatanga muzana remakore re XVII. Ipapo vakafunga vaSitiya kuva madzitateguru evaSlav. Asi muzana remakore rechina, chizvarwa cheIranian chevaSitiya chakasimbiswa, uye dambudziko rekutsvaga vapirisiti rakasimuka zvakare.

Mutsvakurudzi iye pachake anozvipira kune kuvapo kweScythi munguva munhoroondo yevapristi. Nharaunda yekupararira kweSlavic ceramics inogadzirisa kugadziriswa kwemadzinza eProte-Slavic panguva ino. Iyo inobatana nenharaunda inofarira kwatiri.

Rybakov anoda kusvetuka kubvunzurudzwa kwaChernyakhovskaya tsika nekuda kwekufamba kwevanhu uye kupindira kwakagadzirirwa. Anotenda kuti yekare Zarubinetsk tsika inogona kupa humwe uchapupu.

Izwi rokuti "Lay of Igor's Host" inotaura nezvemazuva ose evaSlav. Nguva ino inonzi "Tsika dzeTrojan". Basa rekudya neRoma rakaunza kugadzikana. Michina irikura. Zvinosuruvarisa, kupindirwa kweHuns uye kuwedzerwa kwakasimba kwezvakagadzirwa zveRoma zvinounza zvakaoma kutsanangura mazita emadzinza.

Zarubinetskaya naChernyakhovskaya archaeological culture

Vanochera matongo, vachichera pedyo neguta reZarubintsy, vakawana zvakasara zvakasara uye zviratidzo zvechimiro chinonzi nzvimbo yeZarubinetskaya. Yakaparidzwa mu Iron Age pakati nepakati peDnieper. Kubva kwaro hakusi pachena. Kune maonero maviri pamusoro pemarudzi akasika iyo: dzimwe nyanzvi dzinofunga kuti dzinonzi Proto-Slavic, dzimwe dzeGermany.

Izvo zvinowanikwa zvinobva muzana remakore rechipiri BC kusvika, zvichida, yezana rechipiri remakore edu. Uyezve, tsika inoshandiswa uye inopararira. Iyo inotsiviwa munharaunda iyi Chernyakhovskaya, inonzi inonzi Slavic. Kubva ipapo tsika yeKiev yakaberekerwa. Mune maonero aya zvinonakidza kuongorora izvo sayenzi inotaura.

Dzidzo: nhau. Zarubynets Culture

Panguva ino, kune zvinyorwa zvakakwana maererano nekubuda kweizvi tsika. Maererano nedzimwe nhoroondo dzemazuva ano, yakabuda semagadziro emitemo yakawanda: VaSitiya-mapurwi aigara munharaunda yemasango, Miligrad, avo vairarama asi vasipo-munharaunda munharaunda iyi uye vakabva kumadzinza ePoliceniya. Vaiunza tsika yekuvigwa kwepasina kuputsika uye mapurisa.

Iko shanduro yepamutemo, inoratidzwa mumabhuku, inopa uchapupu hwakadaro hwekufanana kwezvakawanikwa zvekuchera matongo:

• Kubatana kwezvakakisi uye mararamiro ayo;
• Uniformity of tools;
• Residential and outbuildings.

Kubvunzwa kwakasimbisa kuti chikonzero chekuenda kune imwe nyika chaiva kukura kwevaCelt. Vakasvika kumaodzanyemba kweCarpathians uye akazopararira munharaunda yepasi rekuvigwa. Izvi zvakatsamwisa kufamba kwemazana makuru evanhu vePoliceniya kuMabvazuva.

Zvekurima

Nzira yehupenyu yakavakwa pane zvekurima. Takarima nematanda ematanda. Iko kune imwe nyaya inofadza iyi yekare. Yakawanikwa pedyo nechokumabvazuva kwePpypyat. Yakagadzirwa ne trunk oak ine davi rinobuda panzira yakarurama, iyo mushure mokugadziriswa yakashandurwa kuva gomba rakadzika.

Iyo yakareba yepfuti yose inenge mamita maviri nehafu, kureba kwejirasi iri zvishoma kudarika hafu yemamita. Iyi Scythian version ye ral for soil light. Kurima kwakabatsirwa nemabhiza kana nzombe. Mushure mokudyara bhari, mapira, gorosi yemhando dzakanaka uye dwarfish. Zvokudya zvakakwana zvinoshandiswa, zverikisi uye hemp. Munzvimbo dziri kuchamhembe Zarubinets tsika inozivikanwa nehushoni hwekurima.

Mombe inomiririra mombe yakakanganiswa yemhou, mbudzi, makwai, nguruve, mabhiza, zvisingamboiti nzombe. Mabheji embwa akawanikwa mumisha, anoratidza rubatsiro rwavo mukuvhima mhuka inobereka hupfu.

Kuvhima kwaitungamirirwa pamusoro pezvinyorwa, nondo, gondo remhuka, bison. Pasi pfupi unowanzowana mapfupa ebheya uye mbongoro. Uto hwehupfu hwakanga huri hutengesero hunokosha, zvichida hwekutengeserana.

Hove uye kuchengetedza kwakanga kusina zvakawanda, kunyange zvazvo zvakashandiswa sezvipfeko zvishoma.

Zvipfeko

Pamusana pekuita kupisa, zvipfeko zvekupfeka hazvina kuchengetedzwa. Asi zvigadzirwa zvayo zvesimbi uye zvishongo, pamwe chete nemifananidzo yakaumbwa yevanhu venguva iyo musimbi, inotibvumira kubatanidza maitiro evanhu veZarubinets tsika.

Tsamba yeTrajan, iri muRoma, ine mifananidzo yevakadzi nevarume vakapfeka seZarubani. Panguva iyoyo, Umambo hweRoma, hwakakunda Dacia, yakasvika munharaunda yeDnieper. Kushanda kwekushanda kwakaitwa uye pane zvikonzero zvose zvekufunga kuti vanhu vakarondedzerwa ndeZarubans.

Varume vaipfeka mabhesi - ponosts kana pistoni - kusungirirwa kubva pachiganda. Rugwaro rwe Linen - mabhuku - dzakapfeka zuva rega rega. Shirts nevakadzi nevarume vaipfeka rineni, tambo. Akashandisa mbambo, mapepa ekutsanya kwavo.

Vakadzi vakavhara jasi repamusoro pavanenge vachishanda. Mutsara wekutanga wakanga usati uri wekukura uye zvinhu zvakadaro zvakagadziriswa kuti zvikwanise chimiro nekubatsira kwekambani dzakawanda dzendarira. Mods pamusoro pavo yakaziviswa nevaCelt, avo vakatanga kutanga kuEurope kubvisa dare.

Metal products

Kwete chete mafashoni emapango akapararira muEurope. Zvombo zveCelt zvinowanikwawo pasi rese. Mapakatwa, nhovo, zvombo zvakagadzirwa, zvigadzirwa zvematare (zvinenge zvichida, zvekupihwa). Kune zvikamu zvebhiza harness uye zvinopisa. Muzhinji, zvombo zvesimbi zvinowanikwa zvisingawanzoitiki. Iro zano rinotarisa pamusoro pezvimwe zvipenyu.

Nokuti zarubinetskoy tsika inoratidzirwa chete nenhumbi yepasi rose - yakadaro iyo yakakodzera kusaka nehondo. Zvombo zvemhizha zvinowanikwa gare gare, munguva yeChernyakhovites. Zvinonakidza kuti zvombo zveChernyakhov tsika zvakakamurwa kuva mhando mbiri: mauto - mashizha, minondo uye nhovo - uye mumba. Munhu asina kugadzirirwa aisagona kudzora rudzi rwehondo rwezvombo. Izvi zvinoratidza kuvapo kwekirasi yeK Chernyakhov yevarwi vemauto.

Mishonga yehutachi yemiti inowanikwawo inowanika, mashizha ane hilt akasungirirwa nemusungo wesimbi anowanikwa mumakuva. Sezviri pachena, nzvimbo dzakasvibiswa dzakapiwa nesimbi yesimbi. Unhu hwesimbi hwakanga huri hurombo, hunotambudza.

Kutonga nezvakawanikwa zve slag, zvinenge zvese zvekugara zvakagamuchira iron. Gare gare hutungamiri hwakakonzera kuonekwa kwemisha yakaita seLutezhsky. Ikoko, nhumbi yacho yaigadziriswa uye yakanyungudutswa mumakomo. Zvinotendwa kuti munguva yemwaka iyo kugadzirisa kunogona kusungira kusvika zana zana kiyero yesimbi.

Ceramics

Zviramichi zvinosanganisira michero yakave yakasvibirira yekeramiki. Nokuda kwekugadzira kwavo, pakanga paine izvo zvinonzi nzira yekubika, apo chinhu chinopisa chakanyudzwa muhupfu hwehupfu yehutu. Chigumisiro chacho chaiva nerima.

Iyo yakagadzirwa nemakeramic yakaitwa pamwe nekubatsirwa kwepurazi inobatsira, kupatsanurwa mune chimwe chikwata chakanga chisina kuitika. Inoshandiswa kunyanya mbanje ye stucco. Iko kuumbwa kwakaitwa pamwe nekubatsirwa kwedenderedzwa rinotungamirirwa nemaoko. Paiva nemarangariro akatsvaira pamusoro. Vakanga vakaita mapfupa. Magirazi ehombodo ainyanya kunyatsonaka. Yakanyoroveswa mumhepo uye yakatsva nemitemo yemoto.

Smooth ndiro yakashanda chinangwa chinokudzwa - chaiva tsika kana canteen. Uninstalled - nekuda kwekicheni. Paiva nemidziyo yeimba yakawanda yakadai sekorchag. Pakati pavo - zvakapoteredza uye rakabikwa. Pakati pepakati peDnieper, tapered caps nehuni yehuta yakawanikwa. Vakashandisi vakadaro vakashandiswa.

Chinhu chinowanzoitwa chemidziyo yekicheni Zarubintsy yaiva yevhu yevhu yetiza. Zvishongo zvekrisamic, zvakadai semasasa, jugs, makapu-masaga haana kunyanya kufanana.

Burials

Zarubinets tsika inonzi tsika yekuvhara. Munda, uko masara asina kuvharwa mukati, anobatanidza kugadzirisa. Makuva ose haana kubviswa. Pakutsvaga kunosimbiswa, kuti pakutanga vakagadzwa sehurukuro.

Mipata yehovha yakazadzwa nemapfupa akacheneswa kunopisa, zvinowanzoiswa muurn. Kupisa muviri kwakange kuchiitwa kure nemakuva. Asi panewo zvitunha.

Mumakuva emapakati eDnieper anowanikwa masara ezvokudya zvinosanganisa - mapfupa asina kubvongodzwa eenguruve, makwai nemombe. Iyi ndiyo tsika kubva kuScythian inovigwa. Muchikamu chepamusoro cheDnieper chinowanikwa chete mamiriro emhuka emapfupa.

Inventories inowanikwa muvigwa ndeye ceramic ndiro, zvinhu zvinoshandiswa padziviriro (zvishongo, zvipfeko zvekupfeka) uye zvishoma nezvishoma - zvikwekwe uye marope, ivhu hwevhu.

Nzvimbo yekugara

Mumatunhu akasiyana-siyana misha yakanga ine dzimba dzakasiyana. Kubva kune hafu-pasi, iyo yakavigwa mumamita, kune zvivako zvepasi zvine hafu yemamita pasi yakaderera nemasvingo ane mashizha uye akaumbwa nevhu. Munzvimbo dzepamusoro dzeDnieper, dzimba dzepasi dzakagadzirwa pamapuranga.

Nzira inowanzoita zvepabonde yaiva quadrangle. Nharaunda - kusvika pamakumi maviri emamita mita. Denga racho rakapetwa kaviri raigara rakafukidzwa nevhu. Nzvimbo yemoto yakashandirwa seinopisa uye yakabvumira kubika. Vakariisa pedyo nemadziro, asi kune mienzaniso uye nzvimbo mukati meimba.

Inofadza zviya zvekare zvinoshandiswa kuchengetedza. Inogona kunge iri mukati uye kunze kwekugara. Vakanga vakafukidzwa nechidzitiro chakakanyiwa nevhu.

Kutsvaga kweKhotomel kugadzirisa kwakaratidza zvakawanda nezvehupenyu hwevanhu veZarubin. Ikoko kwakagadzirwa nzvimbo yekuvakirirwa yakasimba, imwe nzvimbo yakabatana uye yemakuva. Chaizvoizvo, yakanga iri musha wakanga wapera, wakakomberedzwa nemasvingo akaumbwa uye akaumbwa neboggy meadows nerwizi.

Ikoko kune kubuda kwechigadziro chekirasi nevarindi vakabudirira uye vashandi vomumusha. Zvinotendwa kuti musha wakadaro wakafanana neimba yenhare.

Zarubinets archaeological tsika, saka, kuchinja kubva panguva yevaScythiya kuenda kuSlavic Kiev tsika. Vanosiyanisa zarubin zvakapera mafomu, asi zviri nani kuzvitumidza postzarubinetskaya - iyi fomu yakave nehuwandu hunochinja pasi pesimba kubva kunze.