Zvipenyu: zvakataurwa zvinenge zviri prokaryotes?

Izvo zvinenge zviri prokaryotes? Prokaryotes - zvisikwa zvinoshamisa uye siyana. Vanogona kurarama chero dzinogarisana, pakusika uye kugamuchira simba nenzira dzakasiyana, uye vamwe vavo kunyange vari nezvikara.

Prokaryotes: mukuru ruzivo

Izvo zvinenge zviri prokaryotes? Ndivo zvinenge kupfuura dzakawanda kuti agare panyika Earth. Current kupatsanura pakati prokaryotes inobva mubatanidzwa genomic uye phenotypic zvivako. Kuwanda anozivikanwa mhando prokaryotes ikozvino kukasapfuura 6200. Utachiona uhwu akazviratidza Pasi pamberi munhu uye kuramba zvakachengeteka zviripo chipo.

Interesting zvinhu uye tsanangudzo pfupi pamusoro prokaryotes

1) Prokaryotes kurarama chero pane upenyu, uye zvinoita sokuti, upenyu haagoni kuva, nokuti nokupukunyuka zvipenyu izvi zvinogona kuva chando, kupisa, acidic uye alkaline vezvenhau.

2) Prokaryotes vakanga dzakaonekwa kunyange panguva kudzika anenge 3 km pazasi pepasi.

3) Ruzhinji prokaryotes - zvakasiyana siyana chete-celled zvinenge kukuru adaptive chinzvimbo.

4) Vanhu vakawanda vari chinjwa, anenge hafu prokaryotes zvose aigona rinotungamirirwa kufamba.

5) The masero vari prokaryotes nyore kupfuura eukaryotic sezvo yomukati marongerwo uye genomic sangano.

6) Nhamba yevanhu vanogara prokaryotes vachikura uye nokukurumidza kuchinja.

7) Pasi akanaka ezvinhu chete muchitokisi chete anokwanisa kubereka guru muhutongi mwana munguva pfupi.

8) Vatsvakurudzi kugara chando dzaitongwa ivhu kuti aite dzokuwedzera post-nyungudika kuedza uye kuramba kuongorora zvinhu izvi achitsungirira zvisikwa.

Food kwadzakabva

In uwane nezvezvakanyorwa zvipenyu zviri prokaryotes, izvozvo nzvimbo inokosha imwe muitiro kuti kugadzirira zvokudya. Saka, zvinenge kuwana simba kubva vechiedza phototrophic, somugumisiro nemakemikari - chemotroph. Zvipenyu chete carbon dioxide inobvisa (CO ₂₎ semunhu kabhoni tsime, muri autotrophic. Zvipenyu, izvo zvinoda kanenge imwe makemikari inotonhorera panobva (shuga), ndivo heterotrophs.

Photoautotrophs - photosynthetic zvipenyu kushandisa chiedza simba kuti vabatsire kwetunhu Organic yeimwe kubva carbon dioxide inobvisa (zvinomera uye algae). Chemotroph vanoda chete carbon dioxide inobvisa ari kabhoni panobva, asi vanogonawo kugamuchira simba kuburikidza oxidizing inorganic zvinhu (rehydrogen sulfide (H ₂ S), amoniya (NH ₃₎ uye ions simbi (Fe ^2+)). Izvi nzira yakasiyana zvokudya prokaryotes.

dzinogarisana

With Panyaya kwezvakatipoteredza prokaryotes dzinogarisana, zvingava zvikuru siyana. Vazhinji zviri prokaryotes vari chokuita chokwadi kuti zvinenge izvi vanokwanisa kurarama munyika zvikuru ezvinhu: yakakwirira salinity, kupisa, nzvimbo kushayikwa okisijeni. Prokaryotes anogona kurarama mumuviri mhuka uye vanhu, achibatsira muridzi kuburikidza symbiosis kuti nemabasa muviri wake (kugaya).

Power prokaryotes rinobudiswa kubva siyana zvinyorwa. Izvi zvinogona kuva kutsvaka masero akafa kana yokuvhima mhenyu (apo neapo). Nzira vakawanda nezvokuwana anodiwa zvinovaka muviri - ndiko kuti kusika simba kuburikidza photosynthesis, kana kushandiswa nezvimwe zvicherwa akadai nesarufa.

Types uye maumbirwo prokaryotes

Izvo zvinenge zviri prokaryotes? Pane mhando mbiri huru: utachiona uye kuroorwa-celled zvinenge. masero Prokaryotic zvinosanganisira yeplasma Kamudzira, cytoplasm, ribosomes uye masero zvinhu (DNA kana RNA). Dzimwe dzinewo okuwedzera hurongwa - muchitokisi wall, flagella uye nevamwe. The mamiriro masero prokaryotic, mumwe sero zvivako uye zvinoriumba kutamba inokosha basa kukura, kurarama uye kubereka.

yeplasma Kamudzira

masero Prokaryotic angava multi-rukoko yeplasma membrane. In prokaryotes, rinozivikanwa giremu negative utachiona, Somuenzaniso, kazhinji zviviri yeplasma Kamudzira, pakati inova anonzi periplasm. Sezvo mumasero zvose, plasma Kamudzira mumasero prokaryotic ndiye anokonzera basa uye kudzora zvose zviri chikamu muchitokisi.

Communication ichaitika kuburikidza Kamudzira, kusanganisira kutumira nokutambira zviratidzo nezvimwe zvemakemikari uye kwemabhakitiriya aiita masero eukaryotic, zvinenge panguva noutachiona kwendangariro. Zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti plasma Kamudzira iri pasi nokudenga vose prokaryotic uye eukaryotic masero.

cytoplasm

Cytoplasmic mumasero prokaryotic, zvakafananidzirwa mondo kana gel, imvura fuma, izvo dzimba nezvimwe cellular zvinoriumba. Munguva ichangopfuura, zvipenyu akanga vakaona kuti masero prokaryotic chinhu kunzwisisa uye dzichipfekeka cytoskeleton, zvakafanana chii vane masero eukaryotic. Saka, sero rinogona kuramba chimiro chayo.

ribosomes

Prokaryotic ribosomes iduku uye vane siyanei chimiro uye sezvamunoita pane avo akawanikwa mumasero eukaryotic. Akafanana uye mashandiro ichi cellular zvinoriumba - kuvaka uye achipa chiratidzo mapuroteni unoendesa DNA.

nemagene zvinhu

masero ose prokaryotes zvine yakawanda magene zvinhu zviri muchimiro DNA uye RNA. For prokaryotes zvinosanganisira zvinenge vane masero vane nuclei, kuroora guru dzeraundi DNA mugove ine ruzhinji majini zvakafanira kuti kukura, kupona uye kubereka nemasero. DNA mumasero izvi anotaurwa asingashumbi kutevedzana.

Kazhinji, DNA rinopfuurira yose muchitokisi kuti decoded uye mudzoke kunyika RNA. The maikorosikopu kuona chisimbiso mune imwe kamuri, ndicho majini zvinhu (DNA). Kuwedzera chete guru chikamu chromosomal DNA masero akawanda prokaryotic dzinewo zvidimbu zviduku DNA inonzi plasmids. Izvi raundi DNA zvindori vari zvakakopwa zvisinei okutodza uye anogona kubva sero prokaryotic mumwe.

Nokuda kwayo zvinoitwa prokaryotes vanogona zvakanaka kurarama chero mumamiriro ezvinhu, vari pose pose - senguva dzose uye mumamiriro munyu makungwa, zvitubu zvemvura inopisa, makomo anoputika uye craters pakadzika norudo Pasi. Saka, prokaryotes ndivo kupfuura kuramba uye zvimwe zvinenge panyika.