Zvirongwa. Basic algorithmic zvakagadzirwa

Kusika zvirongwa zvakafanira zvinhu algorithmic kugadzira. Inotevera nyore chingaitwa matambudziko. Rinogona kushandiswa, semuenzaniso, kuti kushanda pamwe homogeneous mienzaniso. Kune mamwe marudzi: branching uye loop. Kuti ichazadzwa munyaya ino. Asi kutanga unofanira kunzwisisa chii chinhu algorithm zviri zvavo.

algorithm

Shoko "algorithm" akabva Latin algoritmi. Zvinorevei? Authentic shoko rinobva zita masvomhu, mabasa yakaitika panguva IX remakore. Nokuda bhuku said Khorezmi vanhu vaigona Kunyatsoziva inokosha mhando algorithmic zvakagadzirwa uye kazhinji pamwe vakawanda pfungwa.

Kwekutanga chimiro chiperengo rakazoshandiswa - "algorithm". Zvino rinoshandiswa chete mune zvimwe zviitiko.

Algorithm - mumwe mutoo zvinoreva kuchinja yepakutanga data, kunoitika muna discrete matanho. With pfungwa iyi, mumwe munhu anotarisana muupenyu, aninani akanga. Algorithms aigona kunzi tea chikafu, chokuwanziridza kana Uyezve, mhinduro kubva equations, uye zvichingodaro. D. midziyo All vane basa kwacho riri zvoga, inoshanda kuburikidza yakajeka matanho zvaitaurwa muna processor ndangariro. algorithms yakadaro inonzi imba. Kune mamwe marudzi. Ngationgororei navo.

marudzi algorithms

Basic algorithmic hurongwa vari rakakamurwa marudzi akawanda, izvo dzichakurukurwa mundima ino. Ndezvipi?

1. Information. algorithms vakadaro vari kushanda pamwe yakawanda data, asi kungoitira Vhoriyamu processing diki pakureba uye nyore.
2. Control. Kushanda algorithms dzakadaro inobatanidzwa mashoko anowanikwa imwe kunobva. Pamusoro chionekeso akatuma chaiwo anonongedzera kuitira kushanda namano.
3. Kadambari. Kusiyana mashoko algorithms anorondedzerwa tichishanda uwandu mashoko maduku, asi zvibereko basa guru kwacho.

Kutaura zvazviri, algorithm yakarurama kune zvidukuduku kudzidziswa. Zvisinei, havasi vose mashoko akadaro anganzi anotsanangura pfungwa. Kunzwisisa algorithm murayiridzo kana kwete, inofanira zvakaongororwa kuvapo zvimwe zvivako.

ehupfumi kuti algorithms

All zvikuru algorithmic design kuva zviito kuti "kuteerera." Funga mubvunzo uyu zvizere.

Kana zvakakwana chamber chokupika pakati algorithms vavo zvivako, unogona kuona kuti hazvo kunzwisisa vomumatunhu avo, zvakajeka zvakakwana kuti ndikwane urongwa. Zvakarurama mugumisiro inotengwa, kunyange kana iwe chete kuomerera zvinodiwa nomuviri chiito. Kubva ichi tinogona kugumisa kuti nokuda kushaya zvinoreva kuziva zvinhu, zviri algorithm ingangodaro kubhadhara Implementation imwe kombiyuta. Nemamwe mashoko, nokuti zvoga mano zvinoda Kuwanikwa izvi.

Chii ehupfumi vanofanira kuva zvinokosha algorithmic magadzirirwo kunonyanyisa nemazvo basa?

1. Understandability. Chikwata chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kuva pachena kumhanya chinhu. Kunenge kuti hapana zviri nyore pane Somuenzaniso, tara dot pakati, pane, asi hazvina chinyatsotsanangurwa chikwata, izvo achaita chiito, haigoni kuitwa.
2. Zvinobudirira. Izvo zvinoreva kuti pfuma iyi? Kunodiwa kuti vawane somugumisiro. The algorithm haagoni asi kutungamirira pane mhinduro imwe mhando. Nokuda kukanganisa, unogona kuwana zvakaipa mugumisiro rakanga zvaaida, asi achadaro. Uyezve, mhinduro inofanira kugamuchirwa pashure imwe kuwanda kwenhambwe.
3. Misa. Chero algorithm vanofanira kushanda chero boka matambudziko. Pakati pavo ivo dzingasiyana chiyamuro Data.
4. Chokwadi. Mumwe chiito vanofanira mumwe chete zvaanoreva, uye kwete kupa mukana kuti rinobva Decryption. Zvakanakisa, hazvinei sei chirongwa kwakatangwa, mugumisiro anofanira zvakafanana nguva dzose.
5. Discrete. Algorithm - kupindirana Implementation matanho. danho rimwe nerimwe riri murayiro yokupembera kana kuwedzera vatsva havagoni.
6. Yakarurama. Chero algorithm kuti rinoshanda chero mhando mabasa, inofanira kuva muchimuranga pamusoro wose. In mapurogiramu, pane kazhinji matambudziko hamusi kunyora matanho, izvo vasingawanzotauri zvinoda nguva yakawanda, uye pakuita kwavo ose mibvunzo. Naizvozvo, idanho rinokosha richava debug yacho algorithm. Anogona kubatsira pamwe ichi uye inokosha algorithmic design, kudzokororwa izvo kwaizounza zvabuda nani.

Tsanangudzo algorithms

Kana isu nezvazvo sei kunyora algorithms, chinofanira kusimbisa zvinotevera:

• Cheshoko. Nemamwe mashoko, norurimi, chiri nyore kutaura chikamu.
• Table. Zvinonzwisisika kuti algorithm zvakanyorwa tafura uye kazhinji kushandiswa webetsero maatomu akafanana.
• Formula-cheshoko. Hwaro akatorwa nomuromo izyasneniya nzira, asi zviito zvakadaro akanyorawo vatambi kana kwemasvomhu Masvomhu.
• Kwakajeka. Yakadaro algorithm rakanyorwa rinokosha mutauro flowcharts.

Zvakakodzera kujekesa rokupedzisira pfungwa. Chii chinonzi flowchart? Linear ichi kana nonlinear algorithm, tsoka akanyorwa kushandisa chaiwo dzakabatana. Vane zvavo configuration, chinangwa uye ushande. Kana tsananguro iyi algorithm zvakanyorwa chinogumbura diagrams, izvo interconnected mitsetse. Vanofanirawo kunyora imwe chiito (danho).

algorithmic patani

Vamwe vanoti algorithms vasina 3 Marudzi, uye 4. inokosha algorithmic design: Linear, mapazi, cyclic. Ndechipi chikonzero munhu zvisizvo kwakadaro, hazvisi pachena. Zvisinei, nokuti nyore matambudziko zvakaoma kushandisa kombiyuta algorithms aya mapoka zvakarurama guru matatu. Ngationgororei navo.

1. Linear. Izvi computational muitiro akamuka zita iri nokuti kuti zviito zvose zviri kuitwa nenzira Linear urongwa, sezvamakaropafadzwa danho rimwe rinoitwa kanopfuura kamwe. Kana tikafunga Zano dambudziko, zvino kutigumbura aisa chimwe pamusoro mumwe, zvichienderana mabasa kutevedzana nhamba. Linear algorithms vanoshanda nenzira kuti pakutanga mashoko haachinji mirayiridzo uye nepfungwa chiito. Kwakadaro zvingaitwa nzira yakakodzera kadambari Verengai kana musiyano, mativi zvitarisiko, kana kwayo mukomberedzo, uye zvichingodaro. N. chikuru mhando algorithmic Magadzirirwo chaizvo izvozvo.
2. Branching. Izvi computational muitiro zvinoreva kuvapo inonzwisisika okuti (the LP) uye kusarudza ezvinhu (bazi "venhema" uye "chokwadi"). Muchiitiko chimwe nechimwe, izvozvo akaziva chete mumwe maviri kana kupfuura zvikwata. No matambudziko uye haagoni kuva, kuti zvichaita chinozoiswa dzimwe nzira. Kana matavi maviri algorithm, zviri nyore, kana anopfuura maviri - yakaoma. Zvapedzisira kukutorera nyore tichiregeredza rokutanga. The chikuru mhando algorithmic Magadzirirwo pfungwa wokutanga uye yechipiri. Zvinotevera chimiro iri mune mazita ichi.
3. Cyclical. algorithm Izvi zvichaita hazvo chaikosha inodzokororwa vachishandisa dzakasiyana chiyamuro Data. Mune mamwe mazwi, kwakadaro muitiro anonzi kutenderera.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti ose makuru algorithmic kugadzirwa (anotevera, mapazi, zvishwe) vari interconnected nemumwe, kunyange zvazvo ivo inogona kushandiswa iri yoga.

Kuumba zvishwe vavo mhando

Chii chinombodiwa kuti pave loop?

• The loop yemabhuku. Ichi shanduka kuti inorondedzera kwokutanga kukosha, uye uchidzokorora chiito izvozvo zvichachinja. Zvinofanira hazvo kupinda algorithm. Basic algorithmic kuvakwa pepuranga-mhando basa pasina hazvingaiti.
• Kuchinja indekisi kumusoro Data pamberi itsva uchidzokorora kutenderera.
• Check zvinhu kuti kombiyuta yakasarudza kana kuti zvakare "Mupumburu" loop kana kupfuura hapana chikonzero.

Zvinogara inogona deterministic uye iterative. Wokutanga ndiwo Redo pamwe anozivikanwa nhamba repetitions. Iterative kutenderera - munhu rinodzokororwa ane narini yakawanda nguva kusvikira mamiriro ichokwadi kana nhema.

The chikuru algorithm

Zvinokosha kuyeuka kuti zvinokosha algorithmic hurongwa hadzirishandisi inokosha algorithm. Chii? Pfungwa iyi vasisiri kuwanikwa mumabhuku ano, asi izvi hazvirevi kuti anoita uye hakusisipo. Kwakapiwa kuti agadzirise matambudziko anogona vakasangana mapazi akawanda kana repetitions, mhedziso inotevera. Basic algorithmic zvakagadzirwa (Linear, mapazi, cyclic) zvinhu zvinokosha. Kutaura zvazviri, dzinomirira "STRUCTURAL chikwata" neimwe anonzi mirayiridzo.

Linear algorithms

Sezvo zviri pachena kubva apa, mumwe algorithms vari Linear uye non-Linear. Funga musimboti wokutanga. Nei vachadana nayo? All nyore chaizvo. Chokwadi ndechokuti zvose zvinoitwa kuti vaitambira algorithm, ndihungu Implementation matanho zvose zvakajeka vari zvakasimba mumwe pashure perimwe. Kazhinji, mabasa aya diki uye vane pasi azvipire kunzwisisa.

Muenzaniso mumwe Linear algorithm kungava muitiro rokugadzirira yetii:

1. Dururirai mvura kupinda muhadyana.
2. Isa ketera pachitofu kuvidza.
3. Tora mukombe.
4. Dururirai kupinda kapu yetii.
5. Wedzera shuga.
6. Pashure kufashaira mvura inopisa akadurura mumukombe.
7. Tora chipunu.
8. Kurudzirai shuga.

Zvirongwa zvinhu algorithmic hurongwa - rinorema zvakakwana ngaakuitirei, asi kana ari Linear algorithm, kazhinji nyore chaizvo kuti dzika navo.

branching algorithms

How kunzwisisa kuti algorithm iri branching? Zvaringana rekuona kuti une sarudzo maviri kana kupfuura kuita, zvichienderana chokupika kana kukundikana mamiriro. nzira Mumwe anonzi bazi.

The chikuru chinoratidza branching algorithm ndiyo kuvapo ndokunge bazi. Richiwanika mumuedzo okuti chokwadi kana nhema.

Kazhinji, asi zvine musoro kutaura anomiririrwa zviratidzo "zvishoma pane", "zvimwe", "asingasviki kana kuenzana", "kupfuura kana kuti akaenzana", "vakaenzana", "kwete vakaenzana." Dzimwe nguva pane embodiments apo mamiriro chokuita mumwe nokurayira uye (u) kana (kana).

Muenzaniso wakadaro algorithm kungava chichagadzirisa zvinotevera dambudziko: kana okuti ((x + 3) / 1) akaenzana yakanaka nhamba, ipapo kuratidza mugumisiro uri chidzitiro, kana kunaka - kuzivisa anoishandisa pamusoro kukanganisa.

Simple zvakakwana mune tsika kushandisa inokosha algorithmic kugadzira. Branching ndeimwe rakajairika nzira kuti kugadzirisa.

Deterministic kutenderera kana kubva kutenderera yemabhuku

Ichitanga pakaunda - kutenderera kuti rinosanganisira shanduka kuti achinje neumwe danho rinokosha. Step kunorondedzerwa inodzidzisa kana chairayirwa programmer paainyora software. Vazhinji mitauro iyi kutenderera anoshandisa opareta kuti.

Purogiramu kuratidza misara miviri 4 nguva:

1. "Makadii?"
2. "Zvakanaka, mazvita!"
3. "Makadii?"
4. "Zvakanaka, mazvita!"

Unofanira kuumba deterministic kutenderera. Sei kutarisa? Tinoshandisa mutauro "Pascal" nokuda nani maonero zvakagadzirwa.

1. Nokuti ini: = 1 2 kuita:

- i ari pakaunda kutenderera, izvozvo kuwanda repetitions ari loop.

2. Tanga (rakazaruka rakamonana chikomboredzo vaviri mitsara ndiwo muviri kutenderera uye akadzokorora pamwechete.)

3. Writeln ( 'sei iwe?'):

- shoko rinoreva writeln mhedziso Mashoko ari mu chete prices.

4. Writeln ( 'Fine, akavonga').

5. End.

6. Ini: = Ini + 1.

Sezvaunogona kuona, zvikuru nyore uye kunyange kunonakidza kushandisa zvinhu algorithmic kugadzira. Basic algorithms chaizvo kuzivikanwa, pasina navo hazvibviri kunyora zvirongwa.

Cycle pamwe postcondition

Kutenderera pamwe postcondition inogona kudzokororwa ane isingazivikanwi uwandu nezviito pasina kuisa mashoko opareta kufamba ndakaisa simbi mumakumbo kana akakura mashoko. Achava kuurayiwa kanenge kamwe. Zvinonzi kushanda kunoita kusvikira mamiriro ndeyenhema. Iye anomira pamukova paumbwe zvakarurama zviratidzo. In algorithm uyu kuvakwa. Basic algorithmic kuvakwa kwaiita basa iri kunyanya kumhanya.

Nokuti kuzadziswa ichi kutenderera zvinoda kugadzirwa Dzokorora A kusvikira B. Rinoreva "kudzokorora nhanho kusvikira mamiriro ndeyenhema." Saka, zvinoita kunoratidzwa A pachayo Kudzokororwa muitiro kuburikidza B - Data kuti pave vanofanira kwechokwadi ukoshi.

Cycle pamwe precondition

Kutenderera pamwe postcondition inovakwa nenzira kuti rinoitwa kanenge kamwe chero zvazvingava. Zvisinei, pane zviitiko kana kutenderera chinodiwa nyaya mamiriro, uye hakufaniri kuitwa pasina dzokororo. Zvikasadaro, zvichabuda kururama. Zviri ichi kana loop ine precondition. Kusika zvakafanira magadzirirwo «apo A kuita B». chikwata Chokutanga chaizvoizvo rakashandurwa se "refu." A - ezvinhu, uye - zviito chichakurukurwa kudzokororwa. Yose Magadzirirwo zvinoreva "kusvikira mamiriro ichokwadi, kuita chiito."

All zvikuru algorithmic akaitwa basa chete mune zvimwe zviitiko. Ndezvipi zviri loop ane precondition? Kana uchida kuti kudzokororwa kupfuura chimwe chiito, asi akawanda, unofanira kushandisa kana remubatanidzwa mashoko, kana chinokosha mumabhuraketi. The kutenderera zvingabudirira haana kuurayiwa kana mamiriro hachisi chokwadi kana vachipinda nayo. Nokudaro, chiito achapiwa kudzokororwa kana zviri zvechokwadi.

The hwebetsero algorithm

The hwebetsero algorithm rinoshandiswa mune mamwe maitiro achishandisa chaiyo zita rayo chete. Iye chikuru algorithmic mazano haushandi. In mapurogiramu mitauro dzakadaro chiito kwacho anonzi muitiro. Kuti zviite basa pamwe code, uye ipapo matambudziko ose chiito unobatanidzwa kupinda rimwe Unit, inova webetsero algorithm nyore. Mumwe nomumwe wavo aigona kukumbira zita rake, iro anobvumira vakabva kakawanda kutaura naye.