Amoniya mhinduro - gadziriro uye kushandisa

Nitrogen (Nitrogen) ane kwokubatana wandei kune hydrogenous (rehydrogen), iyo inokosha mutoro amoniya. Murabhoritari ndezvevakazvigadzirirwa nokuda muchidziisa musanganiswa kuti Ammonium chloride pamwe potassium hydroxide. Kusvikira mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19, mukuru Chilean dhipoziti kuti yavaibvisa nitrate kwainzi chete tsime Nitrogen yeimwe. Pamusana kwesainzi, mishonga ndivo nzira dzinoverengeka mumhepo Nitrogen Kuda kutamba akanga dzichitaurwa. Wokutanga ava cyanamide amoniya usage rikurumidze. Nzira iyi inobva zvinhu senitrogen machira kuti karusiyamu carbamide. Nokuti chinangwa ichi, kuti nenharo senitrogen iri vakayambuka karusiyamu carbide:

N2 + CaC2 = CaCN2 + C

The nokudaro akawana CaCN2 (karusiyamu cyanide) nitrate unoshandiswa sezvo fetiraiza mune zvokurima. Zvinofanira kudonongodzwa kuti kurapa mukomboni iyi chiutsi kubereka amoniya:

CaCN2 + ZN20 = 2NH3 + CaC03

Amoniya kupatsanurwa kuti asidhi uye nitrate senitrogen fetiraiza. In kemesitiri ano ndiwo mamwe nzira kwakapararira chokuwana NH3 - kwetunhu yake Nitrogen uye rehydrogen:

1/2 N +3/2 H2 = NH3

amoniya Saka vakawana anonzi chakaita zvokugadzirwa. Industrial amoniya usage rinoitwa pamberi anowedzera uye ane tembiricha 500 inegumi.

Amoniya - gasi iyo ine kunzwa hunhu kwakanaka, zviri vakareruka kupfuura mhepo. NH3 hakufaniri inhaled kwenguva refu, nokuti muchetura. The gasi achiri nyore soluble muna H2O. Nekutsvaga aqueous amoniya ine 25% NH3.

Kana dzaserera (kusvika -79 ° C) mhinduro kubva aqueous amoniya anova crystalline. kuongorora kwesayenzi kwakaratidza kuti huru guru NH3 ari aqueous mhinduro iri muchimiro hydrated mamorekuru (NH3 · nH2O) uye chete chiduku chikamu ichiputswa amoniya (anenge 0.5%) vakaita nemvura:

NH3 + H2O = NH4 + + OH -

Alkaline maitiro amoniya zvinogadzirisa nokuda pamberi hydroxide ions. Pachivanhu amoniya inotoda akasarudzwa sezvo NH4OH. The alkalinity chemhinduro kwakakonzerwa paine hydroxyl boka, riri kuumbwa somugumisiro dissociation nokuda Ammonium hydroxide.

Amoniya inotoda vaiona simba chawo. Munguva mumarabhoritari dzimwe nguva amoniya rakagadzirwa ne muchidziisa Ammonium chloride. Amoniya iri chaizvo namakemikari remubatanidzwa kuti zvaanoita pamwe zvinhu zvakawanda, apo kuratidza chete kwomuviri.

Amoniya rinopfuta okisijeni iri pamberi greenish-yellow womoto, apo vari oxidized kuti vakasununguka Nitrogen. Kana pamberi tiwedzere (Platinum) · amoniya oxidation anoenderera mberi kusvikira Nitrogen oxide. Izvi zvakaitwa rinoshandiswa muitiro kubudisa nitric acid. Zvinofanira akati kuti vakawanda saka kuwana amoniya iri kupedzerwa kugadzirwa nitrate fetiraiza uye nitric acid.

Panguva kwemvura pa -33,4 ° C mvura NH3 kubva kwezvakatipoteredza absorbs yakawanda kupisa, kwahunokonzera kutonhora. pfuma Ichi kushandiswa kwayo muna Refrigeration enyika kuti chakagadzirwa chando kuchengetera kuparara zvokudya zvinogadzirwa. Kazhinji mvura amoniya rinoshandiswa pakuvaka pachivande hurongwa. The amoniya Kugadzirisa rinoshandiswa murabhoritari tsika, makemikari indasitiri, mhuri nhumbi, uye mune zvokurapa.

amoniya mhinduro kushanda. Aishandiswa zvinoreva kuti excitation uye kusukwa afemeruke murwere kubva kufenda. kuwanda makuru NH3 anogona kukonzera kufema kusungwa. Dzimwe nguva amoniya mhinduro inoshandiswa sezvo emetics (10 madonhwe pa 100 ml mvura). Cherechedza kuti gadziriro iyi mishonga hazvigoni kushandisirwa topically pamberi ganda zvirwere (eczema, dermatitis). Kana muchetura amoniya vapor vanachiremba varayire acetate, citrate, tartrate (tartaric acid) pa 1% wevasungwa. In kuvhiya tsika kushandisa amoniya mhinduro (25 Rine mamiririta / 5 fő yakafashaidzwa, mvura inopisa).