Amphioxus kweropa maitiro: STRUCTURAL zvinhu

On the jecha mugungwa kunotungamirira demersal mararamiro, chena uye ruomba chitsvuku kana zvishoma pinkish translucent mhuka inonzi Amphioxus. hukuru hwavo - kubva 5 kusvika 8 masendimita muviri flattened laterally, pamberi kuguma kwayo obliquely kuchekwa, uye muromo wake, nenzwi tentacles .. Rwemberi Chikamu muviri une chimiro kuvhiya banga - Lancet. Kwakadaro mhuka inoita asazivikanwa okufananidza anatomi uye zvidzidzo zvemhuka kudzidza vanozvikoshesa mumwe chikonzero: Amphioxus kuwana kubatana pakati pemapoka maviri makuru mhuka - invertebrates uye chordates.

Munyaya ino isu neiko maumbirwo Amphioxus nehove mhou, uyewo kupa mhinduro inotevera mubvunzo: chii kweropa wemuTesitamende Amphioxus? Russian zvipenyu A. O. Kovalevsky muna 1860 kwakaratidza kuti mhuka ane zvakafanana kuti vertebrates, kuramba zviratidzo invertebrate zvipenyu.

kutenderera

Funga nemamiriro kweropa ezvinhu Amphioxus. Red mvura, asina ruvara, chinokambaira abdominal yeropa, inongogara pulsating sunga yakafanira myoepithelial rukoko coelom mhango. Ipapo ropa ane nekumwisa carbon dioxide inobvisa anopinda musoro Amphioxus. The branchial midziyo gasi Exchange kunoitika. Tsinga kuyerera kupinda posterior pharynx aparadzana, apo kodzero uye zvikamu dorsal yeropa rworuboshwe. Amphioxus muviri nechemberi inopiwa neropa kubva carotid tsinga exiting kubva yeropa. Into arterioles duku okisijeni-mupfumi ropa runoyerera kuti nhengo dzose mhuka. The venous Chikamu hurongwa anotanga pomumbure intestinal venules ane carbon dioxide. Ava, ropa anopinda tsinga podkishechnuyu.

Pane ari akaumba portal ezvinhu chiropa. Anatomically, riri pasi intestinal chubhu Amphioxus, decomposing kuva richikurukura venules, izvo entwine rusvingo zvomudumbu hurongwa. Its basa ndiko kuti uchatamisa Yakanatswa zvinokachidza kubva ropa rurefu zviri carbon dioxide inobvisa mberi mune venous sinus. Of mativi ose Amphioxus muviri rwunotumirwa mufundisi (aka jugular) tsinga, ipapo Cuvier ducts.

Cuvier ducts

Izvi mutsinga vertebrates kutanga sarudza lancelet uye kuumbwa panguva panosangana mufundisi midziyo. Red mvura ichibva mberi uye neshure miromo muviri remhuka. zvakananga Cuvier ducts dzinoyerera kupinda sinus venosus, izvo vaiona pakutanga abdominal yeropa. midziyo aya pachena runoratidzwa embryo vertebrates, uye mune post-embryo nguva yokusafa cyclostomes (lamprey uye hagfish), uyewo hove uye amphibians. The guru kufanana ndiyo kweropa hurongwa Amphioxus uye cyclostomes, kunyange yokupedzisira rinowanika mwoyo chaiwo, zvinosanganisira atrial uye ventricular.

sinus venosus

Ndicho chikuru chikamu abdominal yeropa, uye Amphioxus gadziriro yakadaro namahwindo denderedzwa. Saka, sechivako kweropa ezvinhu Amphioxus kunoratidza kuti ropa rake anotengeswa ari kuvharwa. In mhuka, shiri nezvimwe vertebrates, chikamu ichi zviremera chokuita kurudyi atrium. Kubva pairi venous mvura anopinda ventricle uye kupinda pulmonary tsinga. Saka anotanga pulmonary riparadzirwe mune zvinenge kuva mana-chambered mwoyo. In Amphioxus, uyewo mamwe vamiririri golovohordovyh mwoyo asimo uye venous sinus vakapa unpaired mudziyo izvo kupinda venous mvura inobva hepatic tsinga. Zvadaro achipinda abdominal yeropa. Kana iwe rangarira sechivako kweropa ezvinhu Amphioxus nehove mhou, uchawana kuti kuchinja vaiva achinyanya ari abdominal yeropa, nhamba yevane hove iri mbiri-chambered mwoyo. Mukuwedzera, kune kufema pamusoro gills nehove mhou rakawedzera nokuda branching rirambe richibvira pomumbure ravo Gill arteries.

Gedhi hurongwa hepatic outgrowth

Amphioxus kweropa ezvinhu, uyewo mamwe vertebrates, anatomically nechokuita zvomudumbu zvomukati. Zvomudumbu mhuka dzose vertebrate vari morphologically akarondedzera, uye zvibereko dissimilation: shuga, amino acids - kupinda capillaries ayo. Uchidzidza sechivako kweropa ezvinhu Amphioxus, achiwedzera kuti zvose nemvura kubva hwemhuka zvomudumbu midziyo anopinda hepatic outgrowth. Saizvozvowo, chiropa nehove, amphibians nezvimwe vertebrates, Amphioxus muviri uyu anoita mashandiro detoxification yokuchenesa ropa achibva muura kubva kuora zvigadzirwa - metabolites. Zvino anopinda sinus venosus. Wedzera kuti chiropa outgrowth ropa inowana podkishechnoy mutsinga.

Ventral uye dorsal yeropa

Chinhu chikuru arterial mudziyo. Kana iwe rangarira sechivako kweropa ezvinhu Amphioxus, uchaona musi nemasiraidhi kuti pasi huro hwemhuka ndiye abdominal yeropa, umo vatiitire symmetrically aiwanzopiwa wokushanda tsinga. Ivo nebazi vari partitions Gill in. The dorsal yeropa achiumbwa pakupedzisira pakuguma pharynx somugumisiro kwemapazi nadzhabernyh arteries. Anatomically, ndiko Chord uye asiwo rwemberi kumagumo muviri Amphioxus, branching pamusoro arteries kuti zvokudya zvomukati wemhuka. In Amphioxus metabolites zvinowanikwa ropa yakasvinwa kuburikidza sepombi anokosha anonzi protenefridiyami. Kubva abdominal yeropa kuti muviri mhango - rose - arterial akakodzera mudziyo. Iye mapazi kupinda rirambe richibvira glomeruli. Kuburikidza mamasvingo plasma filtration uye zvinokachidza zviri ichiputswa chimiro protenefridii vakagamuchira, ipapo mezonefralny mutsinga dzinofamba nemukaka uye zvakare kupinda cloaca.

The kweropa hurongwa Amphioxus nehove mhou

Funga kufanana uye kusiyana sechivako kumwoyo superclass hove mhou uye Golovohordovye mhando kuti icho ndezvaJehovha lancelet. Mapoka vaviri mhuka zvakafanana riparadzirwe. Asi moyo Amphioxus asipo, mashandiro anotora pamusoro chikamu abdominal yeropa, ipfupi pamwe kuunza dakashwa arteries uye anoita ropa riyerere. Hove ane mwoyo, zvakafanana mune cyclostomes, mbiri-mukamuri (atrium uye ventricle).

Paumbwe muviri ichi nokuda zvikuru basa muviri. Heart hove iri pedyo nekamukwavarara arcs pasi rezasi shaya. Sezvataona kubva pamusoro apa, sechivako kweropa ezvinhu Amphioxus, achivimbisa kuti chokufambisa reokisijeni uye zvinovaka muviri, zvakasiyana kuti hove mhou.

Features ropa Kusasvika Gill midziyo

Kana iwe rangarira sechivako kweropa ezvinhu Amphioxus, enzanisa pamwe mhou nehove, uchawana kusawirirana kuti anobata ropa Kusasvika Gill midziyo. On yepazasi kurutivi pharynx yaiva abdominal yeropa. Kubva kuna peya imwe neimwe dakashwa Maberere ikodzere arteries, izvo itakurwe venous ropa. Kuderedza uwandu partitions vari gills (lancelet mbiri 150, uye nehove 4 nomwe) rinotsanagurwa wakawedzera muviri uye nokuwedzera zvachose nzvimbo rirambe richibvira samambure pavamiririri nehove mhou. Lancelet akakwanisa saturate ropa rake okisijeni kwete chete kuburikidza branchial tsinga hurongwa, asi zvakananga gasi diffusion kuburikidza ganda asingafungi nemidziyo ropa.

carotid tsinga

Kana iwe enzanisa ropa mamiriro Amphioxus nehove mhou, uchawana kusawirirana pamidziyo, inonzi carotid arteries. Vane arterial dzvuku mvura kusvika pamberi kuguma muviri remhuka. In hove mhou 4 yegwara dakashwa arteries dzinoyerera kupinda dorsal yeropa, midzi iyo vanoparadzaniswa carotid tsinga. In Amphioxus uwandu dakashwa midziyo ropa zvikuru. Ivo kupa uropi pamwe okisijeni, inova kuwedzera Neural chubhu uye kusiyaniswa kupinda madhipatimendi. Iye anotonga dzepanguva basa mhuka. Kupa pfungwa Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu pamwe okisijeni uye zvinovaka muviri kunoitika nokuda branching pamusoro carotid arteries iri rirambe richibvira mugadziriro. Sezvazvakanyorwa kuuya zvigadzirwa - metabolites vakasungwa kuburikidza mutsinga dziri venous sinus.

Nyaya iyi yave vakadzidza kweropa maitiro uye ine Amphioxus kweropa iri golovohordovyh.