Auschwitz Museum. Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum

Kuti tinzwisise chii anosunga izvi raiita kuchipesana mazwi, somunhu miziyamu, mumusasa wevasungwa, Auschwitz, Birkenau, Auschwitz, zvinokosha kuziva chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru inotyisa uye zvinosuruvarisa nguva munhoroondo yevanhu.

Auschwitz - wevasungwa yakaoma, yaiva nguva yehondo iri Auschwitz nzvimbo yeguta. Poland vakarasikirwa guta muna 1939, apo pakutanga ruvengo, akanga vasiyana mundima Germany uye ainzi kuAuschwitz.

Birkenau - yechipiri German musasa rufu, riri mumusha Brzezinka, apo vanhu vanodarika miriyoni vakatambudzwa.

Muna 1946, zviremera Polish vakatora pachena-mhepo museum of kusarudza kuronga nharaunda kuAuschwitz, uye muna 1947 zvakanzi yakavhurwa. The miziyamu rwuripowo UNESCO World Heritage pasi. Auschwitz miziyamu ari akashanyira nevanhu vanoda kusvika mamiriyoni maviri pagore.

tanga Auschwitz

The wevasungwa musasa paAuschwitz akanga muPoland muna zasi mana nemashanu chete kubva muguta Krakow. Aiva kupfuura musasa rufu kupondwa. Pano vakaurayiwa kubva 1940 kusvika 1945, vanhu mamiriyoni 1,1, uyo pakati 90% vaiva vanhu norudzi vechiJudha. Auschwitz rava kwakafanana rudzi, utsinye, misanthropy.

Zvavakanga vava weGermany, Adolf Hitler akavimbisa German vanhu wokuwanazve vaimbova simba raro, kunyange panguva iyoyo hwokubata ngozi kwemarudzi muvengi - vaJudha. Muna 1939, Wehrmacht yakarwisa Poland. VaJudha vanopfuura mamiriyoni 3 vaiva ndima raitungamirwa mauto eGermany.

Muna 1940 akavaka wokutanga wevasungwa kuti enyika vasungwa Auschwitz-1 pa nzvimbo yaimbova mumabharaki vehondo wePolish. Pakarepo akatuma kumusasa vanhu kuti anoumba Polish vepamusoro: vanachiremba, vezvematongerwe enyika, magweta, masayendisiti. Nokuwa 1941, musungwa enyika akabatana zviuru 10 vasungwa vehondo eSoviet.

Conditions yevasungwa muna kuAuschwitz

Auschwitz miziyamu muzvitoro sezvo uchapupu pachivande kupendwa manhamba pamasvingo yemauto achivapupurira ezvinhu yevasungwa uye kurarama mumusasa.

Vasungwa vaigara zvidhinha yemauto makumi maviri nezvina apo vaviri tairara zvikuru rakamanikana bunks. Zvokudya aiva chimedu chechingwa uye ndiro rizere mvura muto.

Chero vaiputsa musasa hurongwa vakamirira noutsinye nekurova kubudikidza nevarindi mujeri. Tichitarisa Poles repasi marudzi, varindi aigona kunyadzisa, yakarova kana kuuraya. The dambudziko kuAuschwitz - kudyara pakati yose Polish kwevanhu kutya. Musasa wose nzvimbo yakanga akakombwa kumativi mukomberedzo miviri noruzhowa nemiseve waya, chokuita remagetsi.

Chimwe kudzora vasungwa yakaitwa mutemo vasungwa, avo vakaunzwa kubva mumisasa German. Vakadaidzwa - capo. Ndivo vanhu vakanga vasingazivi kuti tsitsi kana tsitsi.

Upenyu mumusasa yakananga chouviri nzvimbo kugovera basa. Basa yakanga kudiwa kukuru munzvimbo. Shandira mumugwagwa, pasi nokurohwa capo - ndirwo rufu. zvakaipa Chero - ndiwo mugwagwa rufu chidhina nhamba 11. Akasungwa, achidzivirira yepasi, kurohwa, nenzara, kana kungoti kuruboshwe kufa. Aigona kutuma usiku muna rimwe mana mira Camera. Auschwitz Museum akachengetedza nedanda yomukati.

Pane zvakare riri mukamuri vasungwa vezvematongerwo enyika. Vakaunzwa kubva pamusoro nharaunda. Auschwitz miziyamu vakachengetedza rusvingo rufu, iro riri muchivanze nechepamberi. Pane vakaurayiwa asati vanhu 5000 rimwe zuva. Varwere magamuchira kuchipatara, asi akanga asina kukwanisa kukurumidza simuka, kuuraya chiremba SS murume. Zvaidavirwa kuti zvokudya avo chete vaigona kushanda. Mumakore maviri, vasungwa vanopfuura zviuru gumi muchiPolish upenyu kwakauraya yemberi Museum kuAuschwitz. Poland haazombokanganwi mhosva idzi.

Auschwitz II

Muna October 1941, pedyo nomusha Birkenau, vaNazi pave musasa wechipiri, pakutanga vasungwa vehondo Soviet Army. Osventsium-2 aiva ka20 uye totaled 200 mumabharaki vasungwa. Zvino chikamu yematumba emapuranga zvakaparadzwa, asi wakasara navana ibwe chubhu yamavira pakati kuAuschwitz Museum. Kubatwa yechando muBerlin Mutongo maererano dambudziko yechiJudha, kushandura basa kupfura. Zvino Auschwitz-2 yakagadzirwa kupondwa vaJudha.

Asi kutanga aiva zvinokosha mukuzadzika vachiurayiwa haana kutamba, uye waishandiswa sezvo nzvimbo pokutapwa kwevaJudha kubva atora kumaodzanyemba, kuchamhembe, Air uye Balkan nyika. Zvakazova kupfuura kuuraya muchina.

Muzhizha 1942 kubva mhiri kubatikana Europe akatanga kusvika Birkenau vaJudha uye vamwe vasungwa. kumhara wavo akanga kuitwa mamita mazana matanhatu kubva pasuwo huru. Gare gare, kuwedzera muitiro rokuurayira njanji vave akaisa pamberi mumabharaki pachavo. Pavakasvika vakatakurwa vakapfuura Kusarudza kwacho kuti anosarudza ndiani kushanda, uye ndiani - ari gasi mukamuri, uye ipapo - mu yamavira pamusoro kuAuschwitz.

Akapeta zvinhu vakatongerwa vakanga vakakamurwa kuva mapoka maviri: varume nevakadzi nevana. Kwapera nguva yokusarudza mugumo wavo. Part vasungwa vechidiki akagwinya inotumirwa kumusasa wechibharo, asi unorema vanhu, kusanganisira vana, vakadzi vane pamuviri, vakwegura uye vanhu vakaremara - ari gasi makamuri uye ipapo - ari crematorium yamavira. Kusarudza kwacho yakatorwa vasingazivikanwi weSS muchimiro Photographic zvinhu, kunyange zvazvo murayiro kubva kumusoro chinorambidzwa kubvisa vakawanda kuurayiwa.

Kana muna 1942 muna Birkenau paakasvika vaJudha pamusoro Europe kubva zvose, mumusasa paiva mumwe chete gasi kamuri, iyo paakagadzwa muna yokurenda. Asi kuwanika 1944 zvina itsva gasi makamuri akatendeuka Osventsium-2 yakaipisisa nzvimbo kupondwa.

Performance crematoria yakasvika rimwe nehafu vanhu zviuru pazuva. Kunyange zvazvo mazuva mashomanana asati asvika mevira of Red Army paAuschwitz vakanga anotinhwa naMweya vokuGermany, yakaramba kupona mumwe sepombi ari crematorium yamavira. Zvinonzi prezhneu rachengetedzwa mukati miziyamu. Poland anoda kudzorera uye emapuranga zvirindo kuti vakapiswa kana kuparadzwa pamusoro nguva.

Survival paAuschwitz

Survival mumusasa chouviri mubatanidzwa dzakasiyana zvinhu vari: mupfungwa kuzvida, ukama, mhanza, akangwara zita nyika, zera uye basa. Asi chikuru ezvinhu vapone kukwanisa kuronga zvose kwakabatana ita mutengano: kutenga, kutengesa, kuwana zvokudya. Panguva iyoyo zvakanga zvakakosha kupinda kushanda boka rakanaka, akadai B2G kwemapurisa nemauto.

Paiva Zvinhu vasungwa matsva. Sezvingatarisirwa, chinokosha zvikuru kuvarume Germany, asi achishanda pano, akanga aine ngozi chaizvo hwavo chinhu chinokosha yakavigwa zvinhu - goridhe mhete, nedhaimani, mari - mukutsinhana zvokudya panguva mumusasa nhema pamusika kana kushandisa mishonga Bribing SS.

Basa achikusunungurai

vasungwa vose vakayambuka huru wokupinda kumusasa rufu, ona zvakanyorwa pamusoro magedhi kuAuschwitz. In German zvinoreva "Basa achikusunungurai".

Zvakanyorwa pamusoro magedhi kuAuschwitz - ndiwo kukwirira yekushaiwa tariro uye nhema. Never basa inosunungura kwevanhu wevasungwa, pakutanga akatongerwa rufu. Chete rufu pacharwo, kana mune zvisingawanzoitiki nguva - kutiza.

Wokutanga gasi mukamuri

The kuedza kutanga gasi makamuri paAuschwitz, yakaitirwa September 1941. Zvino mazana Soviet uye Polish vasungwa akatumirwa zimba chikwata 11 uye vakaurayiwa muchetura - cyanide anotsanangura tupukanana pamusoro neDutu - B. Zvino musasa kuAuschwitz, izvo hakuna akasiyana nevamwe mumisasa zhinji, vakatora danho rokutanga kuti kuva kubatana anokosha mhinduro mubvunzo vechiJudha.

Kana pokutapwa nevaJudha, ostensibly kuti Resettlement kumabvazuva vatsva nomuzvanza vaimbova kwakavakirwa zvombo depots, izvo dziri kure huru mumusasa. Vakatongerwa akaudza kuti vakaunzwa kushanda, nokudaro achibatsira mu Germany; asi iwe unofanira kutanga kuti disinfected. Vakaitirwa akatumira gasi kamuri, akashongedzerwa aine yokugezera. The crystals pamusoro Zyklon - B zvino akafukidza kuburikidza buri padenga.

The kubvisa vasungwa

Muna 1944, nharaunda kuAuschwitz aiva richikurukura mumisasa, akapesanisa zuva nezuva vanhu vanopfuura zviuru gumi panzvimbo yacho German namakemikari chirimwa. Basa vanopfuura makumi mana mumisasa rave kushandiswa siyana minda: kuvaka, kurima, indasitiri.

By mid-1944, Third Reich yakakanganiswa. Kwakavhundutsa nokuda nokukurumidza chinotangira mauto eSoviet, vaNazi namambo mumwe chete dzakaparara uye vakaridza vakakwira crematorium, achivanza zvisaririra mhosva dzavo. Musasa waiva aparara, ari kubvisa vasungwa vakatanga. January 17, 1945 vasungwa 50,000 dzaidzidziswa migwagwa Polish. Vakadzingwa kuGermany. Zviuru shangu uye scantily vakapfeka vanhu vakafa nechando munzira. Vakaneta uye shure kubva mbiru vasungwa vakapfura varindi. Raiva rworufu vasungwa kwomusasa kuAuschwitz. Wevasungwa miziyamu muzvitoro ari corridors pakati yemauto Portraits tiri vazhinji.

kuregedzera

Mazuva mashoma mushure kubvisa vasungwa kuna kuAuschwitz yaisanganisira mauto eSoviet. On nharaunda musasa zvakanzi yakawanikwa vanenge zviuru zvinomwe vasungwa hafu-akafa, vakaperezeka uye kurwara. Vanenge vasina nguva kupfura: hapana nguva. Vari kurarama zvapupu yaiurayiwa vanhu vechiJudha.

Mukurwa akauraya varwi 231 of Red Army kuti kusunungurwa kuAuschwitz. Vose vakawana rugare vakawanda guva muguta.

Vakapukunyuka Auschwitz

January 17 ndipo 70 gore kusunungurwa Nazi Auschwitz wevasungwa. Asi kunyange nhasi, vachiri vapenyu vasungwa kwomusasa, rakapona kutyisa kwevanhu.

Zdizslava Volodarchik: "Ndakawana kari, apo vakaramba ini nevamwe vana. Bedbugs, inda, makonzo. Asi ini vakapona kuAuschwitz. "

Klavdiya Kovachich: "Ndakapedza makore matatu vari mumusasa. Constant nzara uye kuchitonhora. Asi ini vakapona kuAuschwitz. "

Kubva June 1940 kusvika January 1945 400 000 vana zvakaurayiwa. Harifaniri kuitika zvakare.

Achiisa Kuurayiwa matsotsi

Rudolf Hess, commandant pamusoro kuAuschwitz, vakazvipira kuna Polish Supreme vanhu Court uye akasungirirwa paAuschwitz panzvimbo dzimbahwe musasa Gestapo muna 1947.

Josef Kramer, commandant pamusoro Birkenau, akasungirirwa mujeri wokuGermany muna 1945.

Richard Baer, wokupedzisira commandant pamusoro kuAuschwitz, akafa muna 1960 apo achimirira kutongwa.

Josef Mengele, Mutumwa Death, kuzorangwa, akafa kuBrazil muna 1979.

Miedzo vehondo vemhosva akaramba ari 60s uye 70s remakore rechi20. Vakawanda vavo vari kurangwa.