Bartolomeo Rastrelli, murongedzeri: Biography, anoshanda. Smolny Cathedral, ari Winter Palace, Stroganov Palace

Mapurani Bartolomeo Rastrelli - musiki zvivako zvakawanda zvinofadza, akanaka. Dzaro dzoushe uye zvivako zvechitendero vari zvinoorora zvokushamisira dzavo uye nokubwinya, vanozvikudza uye regal. Izvi hazvishamisi. Pashure pezvose, Bartolomeo Rastrelli, ane Biography inofarirwa mafeni dzakawanda mapurani ano, akasika uye akaita kuti vatongi.

Zvishoma pamusoro pauduku

Akaberekwa Bartolomeo Franchesko Rastrelli muParis, mwanakomana unyanzvi uye vanozivikanwa Italian muvezi Bartolomeo Karlo Rastrelli. Izvi zvakaitika shure muna 1700, apo France vakatonga Louis XIV. King zvikuru ake muvezi dare, saka shoma pauduku Francesco wakapfuurira kugutsikana uye hanya.

Mukomana akakura kuongorora chaizvo uye anoshingaira. Akafarira kuita chinhu nemaoko avo, aifarira kutevedzera baba vake nenzira isingaoneki achitovabatsira kunatsiridza unyanzvi hwavo.

Kufambira mu Russia

Pakafa "Sun King" Carlo Rastrelli akagamuchira kukokwa kubva Russian dare iri basa kwemakore matatu ari hwokumusoro. Panguva iyoyo, yaiva tsika matarenda nemhizha kuenda kubasa kuRussia, saka Rastrelli, Sr., pasina kufunga kaviri, akaunganidza mhuri yake uye akaenda St. Petersburg.

Capital akasangana vatorwa zvakanaka. Mhuri yacho muimba yake, vakanakidzwa ruremekedzo uye rukudzo. Peter I, vakabatikana urongwa muguta idzva, kubatwa matarenda nyanzvi dzokugadzira nemutsa uye noruremekedzo. Akaona kugona kwavo uye unyanzvi kuti vanachiremba akapa mirairo, ichiteverwa zvakanaka, mubayiro youmambo zvechokwadi.

Kutanga okugadzira zvinhu

Kubva muduku Bartolomeo Rastrelli chivi chakakomba zodcheskoy basa achitungamirirwa uye pokudzora baba vake. Somuenzaniso, iye muchirongwa okuguma vamwe nomuzinda Prince Menshikov - akasimba uye simba-nzara Emperor Peter shamwari.

Wokutanga basa nekaupenyu akazvimirira nenzira Bartolomeo Rastrelli (panzira, kuRussia, imwe mapurani wechiduku anonzi Bartholomew Varfolomeyevich) waiva pavakwe-storey matatu mumuzinda rwokuzvarwa ibwe nokuda nerakakurumbira muchinda, yokutungamirira uye nyanzvi Dmitriya Konstantinovicha Kantemira.

The mapurani haana kupiwa chivakwa yayo yokutanga vamwe nevamwe zvinhu uye unhu. Kwete, mumuzinda yakavakwa maererano kazhinji akabvuma werudzii Peter I, zvakanga zvagara zvinowanika muchimiro kuzara bhuku, Kujeka nekunyatsotsanangura uye flatness of France. manyorero Rastrelli yako ichatsaurwa gare gare.

Mumakore 1720, imwe Pokuda mapurani kakawanda akaenda France uye Italy kuti jairana itsva nefashoni uye mirayiridzo iri unyanzvi chivakwa.

kwezvematongerwe enyika

Mukutanga 1930s, panguva mambakwedza rokutonga Anny Ioannovny, Rastrelli, baba vake akasarudza noukama hutsva uye Empress akaenda vateereri wake, akatora mwanakomana wake naye uye richiswedera yokunyora nokudhirowa.

Mambokadzi muduku, achirapa zvokushamisira uye runako, nenyasha akatora matarenda ezvivako uye akapa kukudzwa kuita kuvaka wake mumuzinda. Naizvozvo majaya mapurani mukana kusiyanisa pamberi mambokadzi. All muzvirongwa ake kunge vanotenderwa uye rakatangwa.

The chando Palace

With veMubatanidzwa Anny Ioannovny chipo mapurani anotanga kushanda muupenyu hwake - akapiwa kupedza huru yamambo muSt Petersburg. Chii chinoita Bartolomeo Rastrelli? The Winter Palace, yakavakwa mukutanga 1700s, asi Empress airatidzika diki uye zvakazara, saka iye achifara vakatanga chinzvimbo plan murongedzeri akafuridzirwa, maererano izvo zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti adzikinure vana vamire pedyo neimba, uye munzvimbo yavo vomutsa kwazvo chivakwa yakaoma.

Makore mashomanana gare gare chivako rakapera, uye pamberi St. Petersburg wacho zvakanaka akaita chivako chenhurikidzwa ina, ayo France akatarisa Neva River, uye rinokwana anenge makumi manomwe ehurumende makamuri uye pamusoro mumwe zana dzekurara, uyewo mitambo, maberere, chapero uye basa rakawanda uye arinde musha.

The yamambo yave pebhanhire uye kwazvo yakashongedzwa, aiva kumativi rusticated mbiru uye pediment zvivezwa, uye yose paguva reimba inogarwa imwe maberere huru ine Maberere vokutanga.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti Rastrelli aifanira kamwe zvakare kuchinja Winter Palace. Zvino makore makumi maviri gare gare, munguva yokutonga Elizabeth.

Mambokadzi mutsva vakawana chikuru yakagara Romanovs tsvina uye kwete zvakakodzera avo hweHIV. Aida kuwedzera chivakwa kukwirira uye urefu. Zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti kuputsa chivako, uye panzvimbo yacho kuvaka itsva kupfuura, zvakakodzera kuti negashiro vashumiri vatorwa uye mhemberero.

The kunoshamisa nemamiriro matsva Winter Palace, iyo yakavakwa pasi pokudzora Bartolomeo Rastrelli? Chivako inoshandisa gumi zana makamuri uye ndokwenguva nzvimbo zviuru makumi matanhatu cubic metres.

Palace ndine huru rectangular chimiro, nevakange mukati mberi Unit uye hombe, zvakakwana retracted France, yakanga vakapakata nevakawanda vakaparadzana mbiru uye mahwindo zvakawanda, hwindo casings zvakasiyana-siyana uye vakawanda tumabhodhoro netumidziyo uye mifananidzo, akaisa pamusoro parapets.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti ano maonero ari Winter Palace, anozivikanwawo sokuti Hermitage, ndiye anenge chose anoenderana okupedzisira chirongwa murongedzeri kukuru.

The mapurani nokuti Biron

Muna 1730 Bartolomeo Rastrelli anotanga kunyatsotevera kukurukura Biron - a kufarira kuti Anny Ioannovny. Pasi patronage ari uncrowned mambo youmambo mapurani anova murongedzeri ari kuitika Empress. Zviya, Elizaveta Petrovna, pashure pemakore gumi nemashanu, ayo akauya simba kuburikidza youmambo pachigaro nechisimba, uyewo ainakidzwa kuminamato Rastrelli sezvo mukuru mapurani.

For Biron mapurani hwapedyo uye anoita mabasa nokuda kweDzimba uye Mitavsky Rundale dzoushe. Pano, tenzi pave chikero akavaka gravitating akananga munhu namahwindo chimiro, sezvamakaropafadzwa chikuru chinhu chiri elongate chakagadzirwa muviri.

With nerimwe idzva richiswedera Ndiwe Bartolomeo Rastrelli yakatanga uye zvakawedzerwa, mitsetse uye unyanzvi vari kuva epurasitiki uye kuzorodzwa.

Kugadzirisa kugadzirisa. Anichkov Palace

Nokusvika inotevera mutongi unyanzvi mapurani akatanga kuonekwa zvinonakidza uye rinonaka varayirwa, mumwe wakanga kuvakwa kuvaka pamusoro Fontanka River, anosarudza akitekiti Zemtsov. Luxury building, chakavakwa ari Baroque manyorerwo, akaburuka munhau sezvo Anichkov Palace. Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli akatarisira kuvakwa uye aurayiwe kujairika zvivako, chimiro afanane tsamba "H".

Kugadzirisa kugadzirisa. Peterhof

Inotevera hurongwa Rastrelli aiva nokubatanidzwazve Peterhof.

Elizaveta Petrovna wangu wose aida kunatsiridza uye rokuvandudza dzokugara baba vake vakafa. Zvisinei, kuti aite izvi, iye akarayira kuchengeta pakuonekwa chivakwa yaPetro manyorerwo uye kuitika nguva, akarayira kuti kumuroora kuvakwa ano ukuru uye akamboona.

Bartolomeo Rastrelli, akakwanisa kuwedzera uye yokugadziridza mumuzinda yakaoma, vachisiya nechepakati chivakwa wayo kuratidza kumbochinja zvachose. Panhivi kwayo kutongokwizwa muviri uye akavaka setende itsva, unobva navo mavara maberere, uyewo yakavakirwa panhurikidzwa yechitatu uye kwakasimbiswa nzvimbo paki hurongwa.

The kupfuura kuyevedza che mukati menyika Peterhof - a mativi maviri-matauriro mberi horo manera, yakashongedzwa youmbozha painoperera.

Apa pane zvose - zvinodhura gilding zvinhu uye yakashongedzwa mufananidzo vemasvingo stucco, namatanda kuvesa uye nokuchengetedza.

Kugadzirisa kugadzirisa. Tsarskoye tiiviste

Chimwe chikuru rokuvaka, iro raifanira redone, aiva zhizha youmambo dzokugara, iri Tsarskoye tiiviste. Her Empress vaiona sezvechinyakare zvakare uye duku.

kuchinja chii aifanira kuitwa kuitira kuti kunatsiridza Catherine Palace? Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli kusangana zvido wamambo anoita kugadzirisa Russian Baroque manyorerwo, anorura kana mari kana nedzimwe nzira. Kushongedzwa pamadziro uye mifananidzo kubva vanopfuura zana makirogiramu endarama.

In muitiro kugadzirisa murongedzeri vakatamira chikuru manera kumaodzanyemba-rwamavirazuva yamambo, achifumura kunonoka kuti kufanana yakabatana mumwe pakuzvichenesa horo; kwakawedzera zvanza pamahwindo, pakusika munhu akapfuma kutamba chiedza uye mumvuri; pamadziro yakashongedzwa stucco uye zvivezwa vashongedze navo nyoro zvitema uye akapfuma nendarama mavara. Zvose izvi akapa kufarira nomuzinda Empress pamitambo yakatarwa uye zvikuru mupfungwa mashoko.

zvirongwa zvitsva

Zvisinei, mapurani basa kubudikidza Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli hakugumiri chete kugadzirisa dzimwe zvirongwa. The mapurani akasika pachake matarenda uye yepakutanga vanodhirowa ake, izvo akavaka muumbozha uye zvivako netsika. Mumwe zvivako izvi raiva Smolny Cathedral. Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli akazadzisa panzvimbo akasvibirira uye Artsy Elizabethan Baroque manyorerwo, akajeka uye dormer Gables uye dzakapendwa wakapfeka chiedza yebhuruu ruvara.

The zvivako zvechitendero akaita kujairika uye inokosha. Cathedral shongwe shanu-domed, asi chete chete pemvura (ane chikuru saizi) zvakananga anorondedzera kutemberi, vamwe vana vari bhero.

Chimwe basa chipo pamusoro mapurani ndiye Stroganov Palace. Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli aibatanidza zvivako zvitatu kupinda rimwe zvakafanana France, nzvimbo iyo akagadza pabiravira pamwe nguvo maoko, uye akaita vakawanda chikuru manera yakashongedzwa mupfumi stucco uye gilt akakundisa kunyomba simbi uye yakafarikana maberere, yakashongedzwa gilded zvivezwa nezvionioni makuru.

Inside chivako dzichengeterwe mukuru horo nzvimbo imwe zana namakumi maviri navasere mamita dzakaenzana.

madokero okugadzira zvinhu

Norufu Elizabeth akanyura mugomba yokukanganwa vachivhaira uye anodhura Baroque manyorerwo, saka Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli ndakanga kubva basa. It chikatsiviwa vanatenzi mutsva akauya, njere munezvimwe unyanzvi. Vasina zvirevo uye kutambura nezvinetso zvemari, akwegura mapurani vakasarudza kukumbira anosiya uye anoenda Italy, ostensibly varapwe.

Pano mapurani muchisimbisa kutsvaka vatengi, asi haina kushanda. In kufanana ichi matarenda Rastrelli anodzidza kuti Catherine riri basa rimwe mapurani. Italian saka mukuru anosuruvara yokurega uye rakanaka mudyandigere mune chiuru rubles.

Pamwe chete nemhuri yake (kubva mapurani aiva mudzimai anodiwa uye nevana vaviri) Rastrelli akasiya Russia. Munziramo vaanosangana ake vamwe vaimbova anorichengeta Biron uye akatuma kumusha kwake kuitira kuti kugadzirisa uye kuvandudza Courland pfuma aimbova regent yeRussian Empire.

Zvinonzi pakupedzisira basa matarenda nemhizha zvakava purojekiti kweChechi St. Simeon uye St. Anna, iyo akaunzirwa chipo mhizha pachedu kuti Count Panin kunokumbira muripo gumi nezviviri. Zvisinei, kuverenga haatori zvakakodzera kubvuma chikumbiro Rastrelli, kunyange akavaka chechi maererano vanodhirowa, pashure murongedzeri afa.

okupedzisira

Pamakore okupedzisira asati afa, murongedzeri guru rakaitirwa yokukanganwa uye ushoma. Nyika ounyanzvi hakuchisina kunodiwa chisikwa chake chitsva, hapana akamubvunza pamusoro mabasa matsva uye dzimba. It chichirwadza uye mwoyo whiled kure mazuva avo unyanzvi Artist. Kunyanya kusuruvara chaiva ake upenyu pashure wake afa.

Historians uye Vatsoropodzi kusvikira pakuguma havazivi musi chaiwo waakaberekwa rufu Rastrelli. Anofungidzirwa, akafa muna March-April 1771. nzvimbo yake yokuviga kuchiri kuzivikanwa.

Zvisinei, akasiya kukuru, inokosha uye youmbozha nhaka - mabasa ake makuru kuti ndagura emakore uye nematambudziko. Vachiri kuyemurwa uye kunofadza vashanyi kubva pasi pose.