Boyarynya Martha Boretsky: zvinofadza

Aristocrat Martha Boretsky akazova wokupedzisira posadnik weNovgorod. Akatungamirira kurwisana kwevanhu vomunharaunda vachirwisana nemukuru weMoscow Ivan III, uyo akanga achiri kutonga nyika yekare uye akaiita chikamu chehurumende yeRussia yakabatana.

Unhu hwaMarita

Posadnitsa Marita Boretsky akaberekwa kubva kumhuri yemukomana. Zuva rake rokuberekwa hazvizivikanwi chaizvo, ruzivo rwemakore evana nevechiri kuyaruka haruna kuchengetedzwa. Akapinda mumabhuku edzimai semudzimai weNovogorod posadnik Isaak Boretsky, uyo akapiwa zita rake. Murume akafira muchikamu chechipiri chemazana makumi mashanu ezana remakore re XV (iyo yekupedzisira mashoko pamusoro pake yakadzokera ku 1456). Akasiya mudzimai wake mari yakawanda uye nyika. Zvinhu izvi zvose zvakabvumira Marita kuti ave mumwe wevanhu vane simba zvikuru muupenyu hwehupenyu hweNovgorod.

Munhoroondo, mukadzi uyu anozivikanwa se "posadnitsa", asi Boretskaya haana kumbobvira ane zita rakadaro. Yaiva chete zita rekunyomba rakapiwa kwaari naMuscovites, avo vaimuvenga semuvengi mukuru. Kunyange zvakadaro, zvinogona kunyatsotaurwa kuti Marita akanga ari mutongi weVeliky Novgorod kubva muna 1471 kusvika muna 1478. Aya ndiwo mazuva okupedzisira ehurumende yekuzvimirira, apo yakarwa neMoscow nekuda kwouchangamire hwayo.

Mukurumbira muNovgorodod

Kwenguva yokutanga, Marfa Boretskaya akazvizivisa semunhu anokosha wezvematongerwo enyika apo muna 1470 sarudzo dzaiitirwa mutariri mukuru bhishopu. Akatsigira Pimen (uye akaedza kudzivirira kubvuma kwake nekubatsirwa negoridhe), asi pakupedzisira akasarudzwa kuchengetedzwa kweMoscow - Theophilus. Mukuwedzera, mubhishopu mukuru uyu aifanira kutanga muzinda weIvan III, uye kwete kuKiev, sezvazvagara zvakadaro.

Marita aisakwanisa kukanganwira kushorwa kwakadaro, uye kubva panguva iyo yakatanga kushamwaridzana neLithuania party muNovgorod. Iyi sangano rezvematongerwe enyika raifarira kubatana kweguta neGuru Duke weVilnius, uye kwete mutongi weMoscow. Nzvimbo yakadaro yaipesana nemitemo yakagamuchirwa panguva yekunyorwa kwesungano yeJalilbeck Peace.

Iyi pepa yakasayirwa muna 1456 (kunyange pasi pebaba vaIvan III - Vasily the Dark). Chibvumirano chakagadzirisa kuvimba kwaNovogod kuMoscow nekuchengetedzwa kwemasangano ekare nemitemo (veche, zita re posadnik, nezvimwewo). Mamiriro aya akaurayiwa zvakashata kwemakore mazhinji. Yakanga yakavhiringidza pakati pesimba rine simba reMoscow munyika dzose dzeRussia nehurumende yekare yeRuburgan.

Mutsigiri wePoland

Marfa Boretskaya akasarudza kurwisana nehurongwa hwakagadzirirwa. Ndiye ndiye akatungamirira kupikisa kakomana kurwisana neIvan III uye akakumbira rubatsiro kubva kuna mambo wePolish Casimir IV (Poland neLithuania zvaivepo mukati mekugadzirisa kwekugumbirana). Marita, ane mari yake, akatumira mamishinari kune imwe nyika mambo, achimukumbira kuti agamuchire Novgorod sekuzvidzivirira mune zvaaiva nazvo. Mamiriro acho akabatanidzwa, uye mubati-Mikhail Olelkovic akasvika muguta. Izvi zviitiko zvakatsamwisa Ivan III. Muna 1471 akataurira hondo kuNovgorodod.

Kugadzirira hondo

Asati atumira hondo kuchamhembe, Ivan akaedza kugadzirisa kupopotedzana kuburikidza nekukurukurirana. Akatendeukira kune rubatsiro rwemurevereri ane simba mumunhu weChechi. Moscow Metropolitan yakaenda kuNovgorod, uko yaakatuka vagari vayo uye Marfa nokuda kwokutengeswa kweMoscow. Akakurudzirawo kuti asiye kubatana nehurumende yeKaturike. Chiito chakadaro chinogona kuonekwa sekubva kuOrthodoxy.

Chii Marfa Boretskaya anozivikanwa? Its intsisigence. Akaramba kuita mvumo kune muvengi. Kudzidza pamusoro peizvi, Ivan III akazivisa hurumende yekutonga kweKaturike muOrthodox Novgorod. Slogan yakadaro yakamubvumira kuti aunganidze vatsigiri vakawanda, kusanganisira Pskovites, Ustyuzhans uye Vaatichs, avo mune imwe mamiriro ezvinhu vangaramba Moscow kuti vabatsirwe. Hondo yakaenda kumushandirapamwe pasinei nokuti gavhuna wePoland Mikhail Olelkovich akabva kumhenderekedzo yeVolkhov ndokuenda kuKiev.

Chimiro chaMarfa Boretsky chaivawo kuti haana kurega maoko ake munguva dzengozi inotyisa. MuNogorgorod, hondo yakanga yakaungana zvakare. Sangano rake harina kupfuura kunze kweMarita. Mukuwedzera, mwanakomana wake Dmitry, iye zvino aive posadnik, iye pachake aiva muuto.

Hondo yeShekoni

Hondo yeMoscow iri pasi peutungamiri wehurumende yakakurumbira Daniil Kholmsky naFedor Pestry vakabata ndokupisa nhare yakakosha Rusu. Mushure mekubudirira uku boka revarwi rakamira kuti rimirire kuvimbiswa kubva kuPhkov. Panguva imwecheteyo, mamwe mabhuku eMoscow akabatana nechechi yeTver uyewo akatungamira kuchamhembe.

Hondo yeNoggorod yaisanganisira zviuru makumi mana zvevanhu. Yakapfuurira kuPokkov, kuitira kuti isarega hondo yake iwirirane neKholmsky. Gavhuna weMoscow akafungidzira pamusoro pezvirongwa zvemuvengi uye akamurwisa. Nyamavhuvhu 14, 1471 Kholmsky kamwe kamwe akarwisa kurwisa kwekusatarisira iye Novgorod mauto. Iyo hondo inozivikanwa mune zvakaitika kare seShelons hondo (nezita rorwizi). Kholmskii aive pasi pezita rake pachake hafu yevanhu vazhinji sevaNogorodians, asi kushaya kwake kunoshamisa kwakaguma mhedzisiro yekusangana.

Zviuru zveNogorodians zvakaurayiwa. Mwanakomana waMarita, Dmitry Boretsky, akabatwa uye munguva pfupi akaurayiwa kuti ave mutongi. Kukundwa kwakaita kuti mugumo weNovgorod urege kudzivirirwa.

Nyika yeK Korostinsky

Nenguva isipi rugare rweK Korostinsky rwapera (August 11, 1471). Maererano nemamiriro ake ezvinhu, Novgorod yakanga ichiwedzera kudarika kuMoscow. Nokudaro, hurumende yake yaifanira kuteerera Mukuru Duke munhau dzedzimwe nyika. Ichi chaive chinhu chakakosha mumashandisirwo, sezvo yakarambidza Novgorodians mukana wekuita chero hukama hwekukurukurirana nePoland neLithuania. Uyewo, Guru Guru reMoscow rakanga rava pasi pedare reguta. Mukuwedzera, kereke yeNovogod yakava chikamu chechikamu cheguta rimwe chete. Dare guru rekuzvipira hurumende - Veche - haazogoni kuita zvisarudzo zvakasununguka. Tsamba dzake dzose dzakavimbiswa neMukuru Duke, uye zvisimbiso zveMoscow zvakaiswa pamapepa.

Kunyange zvakadaro, Novgorod yakachengeta zvinhu zvekushongedza zvekare, apo republic yakanga ichiri kunyanya pano. Mukuru Mukuru haana kubata Marita, akagara pamba. Kubvuma kukuru kweMoscow hakuna kuchinja zvirongwa zvaro. Akaramba achirota zvekubvisa kuvimba naIvan III. Asi kwekanguva pakati pemapato akatonga rugare rusina simba.

Kubviswa kwekudzivirira kweNovgorod

MuMoscow, vaiziva kuti utungamiri hwe Boyar Novgorod uye iye pachake Marfa Boretskaya akanga achironga Ivan. Posadnitsa akaenderera mberi kuedza kuisa vayambidzani naKazimir, pasinei nokuurayiwa kwemwanakomana wake uye kukunda muhondo. Ivan Vasilyevich kwekanguva akavhara meso ake kune zviri kuitika kuchamhembe, sezvo aine zvimwe zvinetso zvakawanda - somuenzaniso, hukama hwakaoma nevaTatar.

Zvisinei, muna 1478 mutungamiriri akazozvisunungura pane zvimwe zvinonetsa uye akasarudza kugumisa Novgorod freemen. Mauto eMoscow akauya kuguta racho. Panguva imwecheteyo, pakange kusina kurongeka kwakasimba kwakarongeka. Maererano nehutungamiri hwaIvan III, mutungamiri wepamusoro Marfa Boretsky akadziviswa nyika yake yose uye aifanira kuenda kuNizhny Novgorod uye kuva nuni muimba yevatemberi ikoko. Zviratidzo zvikuru zvekusununguka kwaNovegorod zvakaparadzwa: veche rakabviswa, bhenhire rakabviswa. Mukuwedzera, Ivan akadzinga kunze kweguta makomana wose, avo vaifungidzirwa kuti varamba simba rake. Vazhinji vavo vakagara kuMoscow - pedyo neKremlin, uko simba ravo rakapera risina maturo. MuNogorgorod, zvisinei, vanhu vakavimbika kuna Ivan Vasilievich kuruboshwe avo vaitakura nzvimbo huru uye vaizoita kuti ive rutivi rwehurumende yeRussia yakabatana.

Dambudziko reMarfa

Marita Boretskaya, uyo ane hupenyu hwakaguma save vezvematongerwo enyika, akazopedzisira ava muimba yemamongi. Muchifukidziro, akatora zita raMariya. Yakaimbova mutongi akafira muna 1503 muimba yevatungamiriri veZachatiev, iyo kubva muzana remakore rechi19 kusvika pakuzivikanwa seMupupuriro Wakazarurwa. Mifananidzo yaMarita Boretskaya yakabva yangova chikamu chinokosha chemaitiro eRussia. Vanyori vekare vanowanzofananidza mukadzi uyu kune vamwe vezvematongerwo enyika anokosha evakadzi vasina simba - Eriya Eudoxia naHerodara.